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Hypnotics: Guidelines and Current References

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NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

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Abstract

Insomnia is a relatively common disorder, its prevalence in industrialized nations estimated to be at least 5−10%. In medically and psychiatrically ill populations, as well as in women and older age groups, the prevalence is significantly higher. Hypnotics play an important role in the treatment of short-term insomnia, although cognitive-behavioral therapy is recommended as first-line treatment. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of recommendations for using hypnotics in the various guidelines for the clinical management of insomnia in adults. Some more recent guidelines for the treatment of insomnia also assess the various pharmacological therapy options and provide evidence-based recommendations for treatment: the European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia of the European Sleep Research Society, the guideline of the German Association for Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine, the clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults from the American College of Physicians, and the consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. These guidelines are presented in a comparative manner and, where reasonable and useful, current reviews are consulted.

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Abbreviations

AASM:

American Academy of Sleep Medicine

ACP:

American College of Physicians

AD:

Antidepressants

AE:

Adverse effects

AP:

Antipsychotics

BAP:

British Association of Psychopharmacology

BZD:

Benzodiazepines

BZRA:

Benzodiazepine receptor agonists

CBT-I:

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia

CHM:

Chinese herbal medicine

DGSM :

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin

DORA :

Dual orexin receptor antagonist

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

ESRS:

European Sleep Research Society

FDA :

US Food and Drug Administration

GABA:

Gamma aminobutyric acid

IDSIQ :

Insomnia Daytime Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire

ISI :

Insomnia Severity Index

LPS:

Latency to persistent sleep

NOA :

Number of awakenings

PRM:

Prolonged-release melatonin

PSG:

Polysomnography

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

REM:

Rapid eye movement

SAE:

Serious adverse effects

SE:

Sleep efficiency

SOL :

Sleep onset latency

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

TST :

Total sleep time

VAS :

Visual analog scale

WASO :

Wake after sleep onset

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

    Niels Bergemann

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  1. Niels Bergemann
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept Psychiatry , Psychosomatics & Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Medical School Clinical Neurochemistry, Würzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

  2. Inst für Psychologische Medizin, Haag, Bayern, Germany

    Gerd Laux

  3. Fujita Health University School Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Toshiharu Nagatsu

  4. Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian Med Uni Shanghai Inst Health Sc Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian, China

    Weidong Le

  5. Würzburg, Bayern, Germany

    Christian Riederer

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  1. Ltd. Pharm. Dir. i.R. Zentren für Psychiatrie Weinsberg, Wiesloch, Winnenden, Aulendorf, Germany

    Otto Dietmaier

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Bergemann, N. (2022). Hypnotics: Guidelines and Current References. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Nagatsu, T., Le, W., Riederer, C. (eds) NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_77-1

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