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Basic Aspects of Bone Mineralization

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Osteoporosis

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

Abstract

In vivo mineralization is characterized by mineral and matrix disposal in proper orientation and relationships. This chapter will give an overview of bone mineralization starting with the initial events in mineralization. The nucleation of mineral particles, the transport of mineral in matrix vesicles, and the current view of the role of the bone cells for mineral deposition will be mentioned briefly. With increasing tissue age, the mineral particles grow. The processes of particle growth are not fully elucidated; non-collagenous proteins and the collagen itself might drive this process and also limit the final size of the particles. However, it is known that the increase in mineral content occurs in two mineralization phases with different time scales. Mineral is not homogenously distributed in bone matrix; rather bone packets with different degrees of mineralization (according to their tissue age) exist. Temporal increases in mineral content in the organic matrix together with bone turnover are responsible for heterogeneity in matrix mineralization. In the healthy adult individual, the mineralization distribution shows some variation in cortical compartments; however, this parameter is relatively constant in trabecular bone. The focus of this chapter is on the so-called bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) in health, disease and treatment. Diseases are described where either the deviation in bone turnover or alterations in the mineralization processes determine the mineralization distribution. The effect of treatment on the mineralization density distribution is presented for antiresorptive and anabolic therapies in postmenopausal osteoporosis among others. Emphasis is on results from literature from human bone. In case where information on human bone is lacking, data from animal models are mentioned.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully thank Prof. Dr. Dr.h.c. Peter Fratzl (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany) for the numerous studies in collaboration with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology during more than two decades which represent a significant contribution in this text. Moreover, they thank him for the discussion and his fruitful comments on this chapter.

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  1. 1st Medical Department Hanusch Hospital, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Vienna, Austria

    Paul Roschger, Barbara M. Misof & Klaus Klaushofer

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  1. Paul Roschger
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  2. Barbara M. Misof
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Correspondence to Barbara M. Misof .

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    Benjamin Z. Leder

  2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Marc N. Wein

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Roschger, P., Misof, B.M., Klaushofer, K. (2020). Basic Aspects of Bone Mineralization. In: Leder, B., Wein, M. (eds) Osteoporosis. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69287-6_5

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