Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation was developed in the mid-1970s as a mechanism to instruct and deliver exercise therapy to those having survived a recent acute coronary syndrome. Although the field of cardiac rehabilitation has a relatively short (40 years) history as evidence-based care for patients with cardiovascular disease, it continues to evolve. Changes in program scope have shifted the emphasis away from cardiac rehabilitation as a limited short-term intervention to one of a comprehensive secondary preventive strategy targeting the multiple medical, exercise, nutritional, and behavioral factors that place a patient at increased risk for a subsequent cardiac event.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458–73.
Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2007;115:2675–82. Epub 007 May 18.
King M, Bittner V, Josephson R, et al. Medical director responsibilities for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2012 update: a statement for health care professionals from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126(21):2535–43.
Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Medical director responsibilities for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Association for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2005;111:369–76.
Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, et al. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Physical Therapy Association, Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Inter-American Heart Foundation, National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1400–33.
Kraus WE, Keteyian SJ. Cardiac rehabilitation. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007.
American Asssociation of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs. 4th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers; 2004.
Medicare Coverage Database. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Decision memo for cardiac rehabilitation programs (CAG-00089R). Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/viewdecisionmemo.asp?id-164. Accessed 10/8/07.
Medicare Coverage Database. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Decision memo for cardiac rehabilitation programs (CAG-00437N). Available at: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=270. Accessed 8/22/16.
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S1–45.
AHA/ACC. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation. 2002;106:1883–92.
Ellestad MH, Selvester RH, Mishkin FS, James FW, Muzami K. Exercise electrocardiography. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 1996.
Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HWI, et al. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA. 1996;276:205–10.
Blair SN, Kohl HWI, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA. 1989;262:2395–401.
Kraus WE, Douglas PS. Where does fitness fit in? N Engl J Med. 2005;353:517–9.
Lee S, Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN, Church TS, Ross R. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabet Care. 2005;28:895–901.
Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:793–800.
Mark DB, Lauer MS. Exercise capacity: the prognostic variable that does not get enough respect. Circulation. 2003;108:1534–5.
Morris CK, Myers J, Froelicher VF, Kawaguchi T, Ueshima K, Hideg A. Nomogram based on metabolic equivalents and age for assessing aerobic exercise capacity in men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:175–82.
American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
McNeer JF, Margolis JR, Lee KL, et al. The role of the exercise test in the evaluation of patients for ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1978;57:64–70.
Abraham RD, Freedman SB, Dunn RF, et al. Prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease and prognosis early after acute myocardial infarction by exercise electrocardiography and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:423–7.
Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T, et al. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119(25):3244–62.
Wilmore JH, Green JS, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C. Relationship of changes in maximal and submaximal aerobic fitness to changes in cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus risk factors with endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study. Metabolism. 2001;50:1255–63.
Yeater RA, Ullrich IH, Maxwell LP, Goetsch VL. Coronary risk factors in type II diabetes: response to low-intensity aerobic exercise. W V Med J. 1990;86:287–90.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–52.
Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003–2012. JAMA. 2015;313(19):1973–4.
Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(4):403.
Kraus WE, Slentz CA. Metabolic syndrome: recognition, etiology and physical fitness as a component. In: Opara E, editor. Nutrition and diabetes: pathophysiology and management. Hoboken: CRC Press; 2005.
Kwan G, Balady GJ. Cardiac rehabilitation 2012 advancing the field through emerging science. Circulation. 2012;125(7):e369–73.
Prochaska J, DiClemente C. Stages and processes of self-change for smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:390–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McGarrah, R.W., Kraus, W.E. (2019). Cardiac Rehabilitation: New Emphasis on Metabolic Disease. In: Toth, P., Cannon, C. (eds) Comprehensive Cardiovascular Medicine in the Primary Care Setting. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97622-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97622-8_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97621-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97622-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)