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Low-Bit-Rate Speech Coding

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Speech Processing

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Low-bit-rate speech coding, at rates below 4 kb/s, is needed for both communication and voice storage applications. At such low rates, full encoding of the speech waveform is not possible; therefore, low-rate coders rely instead on parametric models to represent only the most perceptually relevant aspects of speech. While there are a number of different approaches for this modeling, all can be related to the basic linear model of speech production, where an excitation signal drives a vocal-tract filter.

The basic properties of the speech signal and of human speech perception can explain the principles of parametric speech coding as applied in early vocoders. Current speech modeling approaches, such as mixed excitation linear prediction, sinusoidal coding, and waveform interpolation, use more-sophisticated versions of these same concepts. Modern techniques for encoding the model parameters, in particular using the theory of vector quantization, allow the encoding of the model information with very few bits per speech frame.

Successful standardization of low-rate coders has enabled their widespread use for both military and satellite communications, at rates from 4 kb/s all the way down to 600 b/s. However, the goal of toll-quality low-rate coding continues to provide a research challenge.

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Abbreviations

ACeS:

Asia Cellular Satellite

AMSC-TMI:

American Mobile Satellite Corporation Telesat Mobile Incorporated

APCO:

Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials

CELP:

code-excited linear prediction

DFT:

discrete Fourier transform

DoD:

Department of Defense

FIR:

finite impulse response

ITU:

International Telecommunication Union

LPC:

linear prediction coefficients

LPC:

linear predictive coding

LSF:

line spectral frequency

MBE:

multiband excited

MELP:

mixed excitation linear prediction

MSVQ:

multistage VQ

NATO:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

RCELP:

relaxed CELP

REW:

rapidly evolving waveform

RMS:

root mean square

SD:

spectral distortion

SEW:

slowly evolving waveform

STC:

sinusoidal transform coder

TDMA:

time-division multiple-access

VQ:

vector quantization

VSELP:

vector sum excited linear prediction

WI:

waveform interpolation

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  1. Department of Information Systems Technology, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, 02420-9185, Lexington, MA, USA

    Alan V. McCree Dr.

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    Jacob Benesty Dr.

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    M. Mohan Sondhi Ph.D.

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    Yiteng Arden Huang Dr.

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McCree, A.V. (2008). Low-Bit-Rate Speech Coding. In: Benesty, J., Sondhi, M.M., Huang, Y.A. (eds) Springer Handbook of Speech Processing. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49127-9_16

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