Skip to main content

Narrative Generation for Suspense: Modeling and Evaluation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Interactive Storytelling (ICIDS 2008)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 5334))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Although suspense contributes significantly to the enjoyment of a narrative by its readers, there has been little research on the automated generation of stories that evoke specific cognitive and affective responses in their readers. The goal of this research is to develop and evaluate a system that produces a narrative designed specifically to evoke suspense from the reader. The system takes as input a plan data structure representing the goals of a storyworld’s characters and the actions they perform in pursuit of them. Adapting theories developed by cognitive psychologists, the system uses a plan-based model of narrative comprehension to determine the final content of the story in order to heighten a reader’s level of suspense. This paper outlines the various components of the system and describes an empirical evaluation. The evaluation provides strong support for the claim that the system is effective in generating suspenseful stories.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alwitt, L.F.: Suspense and Advertising Response. Journal of Consumer Psychology 12(1), 35–49 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Brewer, W.F.: The Nature of Narrative Suspense and the Problem of Rereading. In: Vorderer, P., Wulff, H.J., Friedrichsen, M. (eds.) Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, pp. 107–127. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brewer, W.F., Lichtenstein, E.H.: Stories Are to Entertain: A Structural-Affect Theory of Stories. Journal of Pragmatics 6(5-6), 437–486 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Callaway, C.B., Lester, J.C.: Narrative Prose Generation. Artificial Intelligence 139, 213–252 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Carroll, N.: Toward a Theory of Film Suspense. Persistence of Vision 1, 65–89 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Carroll, N.: The Paradox of Suspense. In: Vorderer, P., Wulff, H.J., Friedrichsen, M. (eds.) Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses and empirical explorations, pp. 71–92. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cavazza, M., Charles, F., Mead, S.J.: Character-Based Interactive Storytelling. IEEE Intelligent Systems 17(4), 17–24 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheong, Y., Young, R.M.: A Computational Model of Narrative Generation for Suspense. In: AAAI 2006 Workshop on Computational Aesthetics, pp. 8–15 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cheong, Y., Young, R.M.: A Framework for Summarizing Game Experiences as Narratives. In: AIIDE 2006, pp. 106–108 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Comisky, P., Bryant, J.: Factors Involved in Generating Suspense. Human Communication Research 9(1), 49–58 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. de Wied, M.: The Role of Temporal Expectancies in the Production of Film Suspense. Poetics 23, 107–123 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gerrig, R., Bernardo, D.: Readers as Problem-solvers in the Experience of Suspense. Poetics 22, 459–472 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gratch, J., Marsella, S.: Tears and Fears: Modeling Emotions and Emotional Behaviors in Synthetic Agents. In: The 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 278–285 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Harris, J., Young, R.M.: Proactive Mediation in Plan-Based Narrative Environments. In: Panayiotopoulos, T., Gratch, J., Aylett, R.S., Ballin, D., Olivier, P., Rist, T. (eds.) IVA 2005. LNCS, vol. 3661, pp. 292–304. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Kambhampati, S., Knoblock, C.A., Yang, Q.: Planning as Refinement Search: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Design Tradeoffs in Partial-Order Planning. Artificial Intelligence 76(1-2), 167–238 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mateas, M., Stern, A.: Façade: An Experiment in Building a Fully-Realized Interactive Drama. In: Game Developer’s Conference: Game Design Track, San Jose, California (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ortony, A., Clore, G., Collins, A.: The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, New York (1988)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Pizzi, D., Charles, F., Lugrin, J.-L., Cavazza, M.: Interactive Storytelling with Literary Feelings. In: Paiva, A.C.R., Prada, R., Picard, R.W. (eds.) ACII 2007. LNCS, vol. 4738, pp. 630–641. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Rattermann, M.J., Spector, L., Grafman, J., Levin, H., Harward, H.: Partial and Total-order Planning: Evidence from Normal and Prefrontally Damaged Populations. Cognitive Science 25(6), 941–975 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Riedl, M., Saretto, C.J., Young, R.M.: Managing Interaction between Users and Agents in a Multiagent Storytelling Environment. In: AAMAS 2003, pp. 741–748 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Riedl, M.O., Young, R.M.: An Intent-driven Planner for Multi-agent Story Generation. In: AAMAS 2004, pp. 186–193 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rimmon-Kenan, S.: Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics. Routledge, New York (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Trabasso, T., Sperry, L.L.: Causal Relatedness and Importance of Story Events. Journal of Memory and Language 24, 595–611 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Turner, S.: The Creative Process: A Computer Model of Storytelling and Creativity. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Vorderer, P.: Toward a Psychological Theory of Suspense. In: Vorderer, P., Wulff, H.J., Friedrichsen, M. (eds.) Suspense: Conceptualizations, Theoretical Analyses, and Empirical Explorations, pp. 233–254. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Young, R.M., Pollack, M.E., Moore, J.D.: Decomposition and causality in partial-order planning. In: AIPS 1994, pp. 188–193 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Young, R.M.: Using Grice’s Maxim of Quantity to Select the Content of Plan Descriptions. Artificial Intelligence 115, 215–256 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zillmann, D.: The Psychology of Suspense in Dramatic Exposition. In: Vorderer, P., Wulff, H.J., Friedrichsen, M. (eds.) Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses and empirical explorations, pp. 199–232. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1996)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Cheong, YG., Young, R.M. (2008). Narrative Generation for Suspense: Modeling and Evaluation. In: Spierling, U., Szilas, N. (eds) Interactive Storytelling. ICIDS 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5334. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89454-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89454-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89424-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89454-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics