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Chalcogens and Metal Chalcogenides

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Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides

Part of the book series: Monographs in Electrochemistry ((MOEC))

Abstract

It is common that the three heaviest elements of the sulfur sub-group, namely selenium, tellurium, and polonium, be collectively referred to as the “chalcogens,” and the term chalcogen be addressed only for these elements – in practice, only for the chemically and technologically important selenium and tellurium; however, according to the official guides to inorganic nomenclature, the term applies equally to all the elements in Group 16 of the Periodic Table, thus being proper also for oxygen and sulfur. On the other hand, several textbooks imply that oxygen is excluded from the chalcogens, this probably being the consequence of having discussed the chemistry of oxygen in a separate chapter [1].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It was discovered in 1873 that a small selenium bar in a telegraph circuit acts as a photoelectric resistor.

  2. 2.

     However, on account of the particularly short C―S distances, multiple bonds (probably of the d π–p π type) between hypervalent sulfur and carbon occur in a number of species.

  3. 3.

     Actually, those containing M–M bonds.

  4. 4.

     The term “nanosized cluster” or “nanocluster” or simply “cluster” is used presently to denote a particle of any kind of matter, the size of which is greater than that of a typical molecule, but is too small to exhibit characteristic bulk properties. Such particles enter the size regime of mesoscopic materials.

  5. 5.

     The mechanism of these reactions is generally not considered, unlike the reactions lying in the realm of molecular chemistry, i.e., organic reactions, where kinetic control over intermediate and product species allows for recognizing details of the mechanism, that is, of the structure of functional groups present in a molecule. Note also that with organic reactions the true thermodynamic minimum for a particular combination of elements is usually irrelevant. (Stein A, Keller SW, Mallouk TE (1993) Turning down the heat: Design and mechanism in solid-state synthesis. Science 259: 1558–1564.)

  6. 6.

     As listed in MatWeb database: http://www.matweb.com/search/MaterialGroupSearch.aspx. Mineral names and corresponding exact or empirical formulas of the substances are given, as found.

  7. 7.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  8. 8.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  9. 9.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  10. 10.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  11. 11.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  12. 12.

     Analogous to the Curie temperature for ferromagnetic materials, the Néel temperature is the one at which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. At T N, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the macroscopic magnetic ordering within the material.

  13. 13.

     The +2 state is here of little importance. Lower formal oxidation states are stabilized, however, by M–M bonding in ternary chalcogenides containing alkali metals such as A4M6Q12 or 13 (A = alkali metal; M = Re, Tc; Q = S, Se). The structures of such systems are all based on the face-capped, octahedral M6X8 cluster unit found in Chevrel phases and in the dihalides of Mo and W.

  14. 14.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  15. 15.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  16. 16.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  17. 17.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  18. 18.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  19. 19.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  20. 20.

     Ibid., p. 29.

  21. 21.

     Ibid., p. 29.

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  1. Dept. of Chemical Sciences School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou Str. 9, Zographos Campus, 157 73, Athens, Greece

    Dr. Mirtat Bouroushian

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Bouroushian, M. (2010). Chalcogens and Metal Chalcogenides. In: Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides. Monographs in Electrochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03967-6_1

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