Abstract
As microprocessor technology advances toward multi-core and many-core architectures, optical interconnect is considered a promising way of meeting the associated demand for giga-scale and tera-scale input/output (I/O). While traditional optical communication systems demonstrate good performance, they are based on discrete components and are not suitable for computing applications, which require solutions with much lower cost and smaller size. Photonic integration, particularly when based on a silicon platform, has emerged as a key approach to realize the required low cost and small form factor optical transceivers. This chapter highlights a recent demonstration of a silicon photonic integrated chip that is capable of transmitting data at an aggregate rate of 200 Gb/s. It is based on wavelength division multiplexing where an array of eight high-speed silicon optical modulators is monolithically integrated with a demultiplexer and a multiplexer. This demonstration represents a key milestone on the way to fabricating terabit per second transceiver chips to meet the demand of future tera-scale I/O.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Held, J. Bautista, S. Koehl, From a few cores to many: a tera-scale computing research overview (2006), [Online]. Available at: http://download.intel.com/research/platform/terascale/terascale_overview_paper.pdf
B. Casper, J. Jaussi, F. O’Mahony, M. Mansuri, K. Canagasaby, J. Kennedy, E. Yeung, R. Mooney, A 20 Gb/s Forwarded Clock Transceiver in 90 nm CMOS, Technical Digest of 2006 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Session 4/Gigabit Transceivers/4.6,2006
G. Balamurugan, J. Kennedy, G. Banerjee, J.E. Jaussi, M. Mansuri, F.O’Mahony, B. Casper, R. Mooney, A Scalable 5–15 Gbps, 14–75 mW low power I/O transceiver in 65 nm CMOS, 2007 Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers, 270–271,2007
G.T. Reed, A.P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction (Wiley, Chichester,2004)
L. Pavesi, D.J. Lockwood (eds.), Silicon Photonics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,2004)
A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, M. Paniccia, High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide. Opt. Express 15, 660–668(2007)
L. Liao, A. Liu, D. Rubin, J. Basak, Y. Chetrit, H. Nguyen, R. Cohen, N. Izhaky, M. Paniccia, 40 Gbit/s silicon optical modulator for high-speed applications. Electron. Lett. 43 (22), 1196–1197(2007)
W.M. Green, M.J. Rooks, L. Sekaric, Y. Vlasov, Ultra-compact, low RF power, 10 Gb/s silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator. Opt. Express 15, 17106–17113(2007)
Q. Xu, S. Manipatruni, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, M. Lipson, 12.5Gbit/s carrier-injection-based silicon micro-ring silicon modulators. Opt. Express 15, 430–436(2007)
S.J. Koester, G. Dehlinger, J.D. Schaub, J.O. Chu, Q.C. Ouyang, A. Grill, Germanium-on-insulator photodetectors, in Technical Digest of 2005 2nd IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, pp.171–173
M. Oehme, J. Werner, E. Kasper, M. Jutzi, M. Berroth, High bandwidth Ge p-i-n photodetector integrated on Si. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 071117–071117-3(2006)
O. Boyraz, B. Jalali, Demonstration of a silicon Raman laser. Opt. Express 12, 5269–5273(2004)
H. Rong etal., A continuous-wave Raman silicon laser. Nature 433, 725–728(2005)
A. Liu, H. Rong, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, D. Hak, Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering. Opt. Express 12, 4261–4268(2004)
O. Boyraz, B. Jalali, Demonstration of 11dB fiber-to-fiber gain in a silicon Raman amplifier. Electron. Express 1, 429–434(2004)
Q. Xu, V.R. Almeida, M. Lipson, Demonstration of high Raman gain in a submicrometer-size silicon-on-insulator waveguide. Opt. Lett. 30, 35–37(2005)
R. Jones etal. Net continuous-wave optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering. Opt. Express 13, 519–525(2005)
R.L. Espinola, J.I. Dadap, R.M. Osgood, Jr., S.J. McNab, Y.A. Vlasov, C-band wavelength conversion in silicon photonic wire waveguides. Opt. Express 13, 4341–4349(2005)
K. Yamada, etal., All-optical efficient wavelength conversion using silicon photonic wire waveguide. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1046–1048(2006)
H. Rong, Y.H. Kuo, A. Liu, M. Paniccia, O. Cohen, High efficiency wavelength conversion of 10 Gb/s data in silicon waveguides. Opt. Express 14, 1182–1188(2006)
A.W. Fang, H. Park, O. Cohen, R. Jones, M. Paniccia, J.E. Bowers, Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser. Opt. Express 14, 9203–9210(2006)
G.P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (Wiley, New York,1997)
R.A. Soref, P.J. Lorenzo, All-silicon active and passive guided-wave components for λ and 1.6 μm. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-22, 873–879(1986)
R.A. Soref, B.R. Bennett, Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-23, 123–129(1987)
R.C. Alferness, Waveguide electrooptic modulators. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. 30, 1121–1137(1982)
R.G. Walker, High-speed III-V semiconductor intensity modulators. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 654–667(1991)
For details, see http://www.ansoft.com.
A. Sugita, A. Kaneko, K. Okamoto, M. Itoh, A. Himeno, Y. Ohmori, Very low insertion loss arrayed-waveguide grating with vertically tapered waveguides. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1180–1182(2000)
J. Brouckaert, W. Bogaert, P. Dumon, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, Planar concave grating demultiplexer fabricated on a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator platform. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 1269–1275(2007)
M. Oguma, T. Kitoh, T. Shibata, Y. Inoue, K. Jinguji, A. Himeno, Y. Hibino, Four-channel flat top low-loss filter for wide passband WDM access network. Electron. Lett. 37, 514–515(2001)
For details, see http://www.photond.com.
K.K. Lee, D.R. Lim, L.C. Kimerling, Fabrication of ultralow-loss Si/SiO2 waveguides by roughness reduction. Opt. Lett. 26, 1888–1890(2001)
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Fiel Concepcion for sample preparation, D. Li for data collection software, R. Gabay, A. Ugnitz, and G. Nutrica for device fabrication assistance, L. Kulig for material analysis, and T. Mader, S. Q. Shang, G. Sarid, D. D. Lu, H. Braunisch, G. T. Reed, and J. E. Bowers for useful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liao, L. et al. (2011). High-Speed Photonic Integrated Chip on a Silicon Platform. In: Lockwood, D., Pavesi, L. (eds) Silicon Photonics II. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 119. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10506-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10506-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10505-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10506-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)