Abstract
Numerous diseases may complicate pregnancy. The most important of those that affect placental development and function are herein reviewed. Our own experience with some of these entities is added. With some of these complications of pregnancy, the placental findings may simply be confirmatory of the disease. With others, placental pathology may be the first indication of an abnormality. Despite many reports of diseases that complicate pregnancy, associated placentas are often not examined, or they are not reported in the descriptions. That is unfortunate because those placentas could aid in the diagnosis and knowledge of the pathogenesis of these conditions. Moreover, a better understanding of the placenta could allow us better insight into the mechanisms of the effects that certain conditions have on the fetus. Burrow and Ferris (1988) have written a comprehensive text on medical complications of pregnancy but have also almost totally excluded placental considerations; the general texts on obstetrics and perinatology should also be consulted. Because of their particular importance, some entities (e.g., Rh isoimmunization disease and hydrops, pyelonephritis, and infections in general) are presented in separate chapters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdella TN, Sibai BM, Hays JM, Anderson GD (1984) Relationship of hypertensive disease to abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 63:365–370
Abitbol MM, Pirani CL, Ober WB, Driscoll SG, Cohen MW (1976a) Production of experimental toxemia in the pregnant dog. Obstet Gynecol 48:537–548
Abitbol MM, Gallo GR, Pirani CL, Ober WB (1976b) Production of experimental toxemia in the pregnant rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:460–470
Abitbol MM, Driscoll SG, Ober WB (1976c) Placental lesions in experimental toxemia in the rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:942–948
Abitbol MM, Ober WB, Gallo GR, Driscoll SG, Pirani CL (1977) Experimental toxemia of pregnancy in the monkey, with a preliminary report on renin and aldosterone. Am J Pathol 86:573–590
Abramowsky CR, Vegas ME, Swinehart G, Gyves MT (1980) Decidual vasculopathy of the placenta in lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 303:668–672
Acker D, Sachs BP, Tracey KJ, Wise WE (1983) Abruptio placentae associated with cocaine use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146:220–221
Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness EF (1997a) Malignancy metastatic to the products of conception: a case report with review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 17:577–586
Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness EF (1997b) An immunological study of the placenta in maternal connective tissue disease. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 17:513–514
Ackerman J, Gonzalez EF, Gilbert-Barness E (1999) Immunological studies of the placenta in maternal connective tissue disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 21:19–24
ACOG (1993) Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ACOG Tech Bull 181:1–6
Adam PAJ, Teramo K, Raiha N, Gitlin D, Schwartz R (1969) Human fetal insulin metabolism early in gestation: response to acute elevation of the fetal glucose concentration and placental transfer of human insulin-I-131. Diabetes 18:409–416
Addleman W, Gold S (1963) Gaucher’s disease and pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J 89:821–823
Aessopos A, Karabatsos F, Farmakis D, Katsantoni A, Hatziliami A, Youssef J, Karagiorga M (1999) Pregnancy in patients with well-treated ß-thalassemia: outcome for mothers and newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:360–365
Ahnquist G, Holyoke JB (1960) Congenital Letterer-Siwe disease (reticuloendotheliosis) in a term stillborn infant. J Pediatr 57:897–904
Aladjem S (1967a) Morphologic aspects of the placenta in gestational diabetes seen by phase-contrast microscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 99:341–349
Aladjem S (1967b) The syncytial knot: a sign of active syncytial proliferation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 99:305–358
Aladjem S, Lueck J, Brewer JI (1983) Experimental induction of a toxemia-like syndrome in the pregnant beagle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145:27–38
Alanen A, Kekomäki R, Kero P, Lindström P, Wager O (1984) Circulating immune complexes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 6:133–140
Alberman E, Pharoah P, Chamberlain G (1977) Smoking and the fetus. Lancet 2:36–37
Altchek A, Gaines JA, Siltzbach LE (1955) Sarcoidosis of the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 70:540–547
Alvarez H (1970) Prolifération du trophoblaste et sa relation avec l’hypertension artérielle de la toxémie gravidique. Gynecol Obstet (Paris) 69:581–588
Alvarez H, Benedetti WL, DeLeons VK (1967) Syncytial proliferation in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 29:637–643
Alvarez H, Morel RL, Benedetti WL, Scavarelli M (1969) Trophoblast hyperplasia and maternal arterial pressure at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 105:1015–1021
Alzamora O (1958) Algunas observaciones sobre las alteraciones de la placenta human en la altura. Rev Asoc Med Prov Yauli 3:75
Ambrose A, Welham RT, Cefalo RC (1985) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 66:267–272
Anderson WR, McKay DG (1966) Electron microscope study of the trophoblast in normal and toxemic placentas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 95:1134–1148
Anderson M, Went LN, Maclver JE, Dixon HG (1960) Sickle cell disease in pregnancy. Lancet 2:516–521
Anderson JF, Kent S, Machin GA (1989) Maternal malignant melanoma with placental metastasis: a case report with literature review. Pediatr Pathol 9:35–42
Andrews J, McGarry J (1972) A community study of smoking in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 79:1057–1073
Anonymous (1982) Pregnancy and the arachidonic-acid cascade. Lancet I:997–998
Anonymous (1989a) Classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Lancet I:935–936
Anonymous (1989b) Smoke screen round the fetus. Lancet 2:1310–1311
Anunciado AN, Stubbs TM, Pepkowitz SH, Lazarchick J, Miller CM III, Pilia P (1987) Altered villus vessel fibronectin in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:898–900
Aron DC, Schnall AM, Sheeler LR (1990) Cushing’s syndrome and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:244–252
Aronson S (1963) A case of transplacental tumor metastasis. Acta Paediatr (Stockh) 52:123–124
Artlett CM, Smith JB, Jimenez SA (1998) Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 338:1186–1191
Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, Derksen RHDM, Machin SJ, Barquinero J, Outt HH, Harris EN, Vilardell-Torres M, Hughes GRV (1989) The “primary” antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 68:366–374
Ask-Upmark E (1961) Leukemia and pregnancy. Acta Med Scand 170:635–658
Ask-Upmark E (1964) Another follow-up study of children born of mothers with leukemia. Acta Med Scand 175:391–394
Asmussen I (1978) Ultrastructure of human umbilical veins: observation on veins from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 57:253–255
Asmussen I (1979) Effects of maternal smoking on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Med 4:777–790
Asmussen I (1980) Ultrastructure of the villi and fetal capillaries in placentas from smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87:239–245
Asmussen I (1982a) Ultrastructure of the umbilical artery from a newborn delivered at term by a mother who smoked 80 cigarettes per day. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A 90:397–404
Asmussen I (1982b) Ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries from newborn children of smoking and non-smoking mothers. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A 90:375–383
Asmussen I (1984) Mitochondrial proliferation in endothelium: observations on umbilical arteries from newborn children of smoking mothers. Atherosclerosis 50:203–208
Atalla A, Page I (1988) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type III in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 71:508–509
Attwood HD, Park WW (1961) Embolism to the lungs by trophoblast. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 68:611–617
Averbuch M, Koifman B, Levo Y (1987) Lupus anticoagulant, thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 293:2–5
Ayala AR, De La Fuente FR, Loyola FD, Gonzalez E, Kunhardt J (1986) Evidence that a toxemia-related organism (Hydatoxi lualba) is an artifact. Obstet Gynecol 67:47–50
Azzouz DF, Rak JM, Balandraud N, Auger I, Martin M, Roudier J, Lambert NC (2010) How microchimerism can impact HLA susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Chimerism 1:23–25
Bachrach LK, Burrows GN (1989) Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine. N Engl J Med 321:1549
Baergen RN, Johnson D, Moore T, Benirschke K (1997) Maternal melanoma metastatic to the placenta. A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:508–511
Bailey DN (1997) Cocaine and cocaethylene binding to human placenta in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:527–531
Balasch J, Mirapeix E, Borche L, Vives J, Gonzalez-Merlo J (1981) Further evidence against preeclampsia as an immune complex disease. Obstet Gynecol 58:435–437
Balasch J, Reverter JC, Fábregues F, Tàssies D, Rafel M, Creus M, Vanrell JA (1997) First-trimester repeated abortion is not associated with activated protein resistance. Hum Reprod (Oxf) 12:1094–1097
Baldwin VJ, MacLeod PM, Benirschke K (1982) Placental findings in alcohol abuse in pregnancy. Birth Defects 18:89–94
Barabas AP (1966) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: associated with prematurity and premature rupture of foetal membranes; possible increase in incidence. Br Med J 2:682–684
Bardawil WA, Toy BL (1959) The natural history of choriocarcinoma: problems of immunity and spontaneous regression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 80:197–261
Bardeguez AD, McNerney R, Frieri M, Verma UL, Tejani N (1991) Cellular immunity in preeclampsia: alterations in T-lymphocyte subpopulations during early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 77:859–862
Barnes AB, Link DA (1983) Childhood dermatomyositis and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146:335–336
Barss V, Phillippe M, Greene MF, Covell L (1985) Pregnancy complicated by homozygous hypercholesterolemia. Obstet Gynecol 65:756–757
Barth FB, Khurana SK, Vergara GG, Lowman JT (1972) Rapidly fatal familial histiocytosis associated with eosinophilia and primary immunological deficiency. Lancet 2:503–506
Bartholomew RA (1961) Hemorrhages of late pregnancy. With emphasis on placental circulation and the mechanism of bleeding. Postgrad Med 30:397–406
Bartholomew RA, Colvin ED, Grimes WH, Fish JS, Lester WM, Galloway WH (1957) Facts pertinent to the etiology of eclamptogenic toxemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 74:64–84
Bartholomew RA, Colvin ED, Grimes WH, Fish JS, Lester WM, Galloway WH (1961) Criteria by which toxemia of pregnancy may be diagnosed from unlabeled formalin-fixed placentas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82:277–290
Beaufils M, Uzan S, Donsimoni R, Colau JC (1985) Prevention of pre-eclampsia by early antiplatelet therapy. Lancet I:840–842
Beck JS, Oakley CL, Rowell NR (1966) Transplacental passage of antinuclear antibody. Arch Dermatol 93:656–663
Beischer NA, Sivasamboo R, Vohra S, Silpisornkosal S, Reid S (1970) Placental hypertrophy in severe pregnancy anaemia. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 77:398–409
Beller FK, Intorp HW, Losse H, Loew H, Moenninghoff W, Schmidt EH, Grundmann E (1976) Malignant nephrosclerosis during pregnancy and in the postpartum period (the uremic hemolytic syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:633–639
Belliardo F, Massano G, Accomo S (1983) Amatoxins do not cross the placental barrier. Lancet 1:1381
Bendon RW, Wilson J, Getahun B, van der Bel-Kahn J (1987) A maternal death due to thrombotic disease associated with anticardiolipin antibody. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:370–373
Benigni A, Gregorini G, Frusca T, Chiabrando C, Ballerini S, Valcamonico A, Orisio S, Piccinelli A, Pinciroli V, Fanelli R, Gastaldi A, Remuzzi G (1989) Effect of low-dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension. N Engl J Med 321:357–362
Benirschke K, Driscoll SG (1967) The pathology of the human placenta. Springer, New York
Benirschke K, Gille J (1977) Placental pathology and asphyxia. In: Gluck L (ed) Intrauterine asphyxia and the developing fetal. Brain. Year Book, Chicago, pp 117–136
Benirschke K, Willes L (2010) Deportation of trophoblastic emboli to maternal lung. A source of cell-free DNA in maternal blood? Chimerism 1:15–18
Bennett RM, Peller JS, Merritt MM (1986) Defective DNA-receptor function in systemic lupus erythematosus and related diseases: evidence for an autoantibody influencing cell physiology. Lancet I:186–188
Bentsi-Enchill KK, Konotey-Ahulu FID (1969) Thirteen children from twelve pregnancies in sickle-cell thalassemia. Br Med J 2:762
Bierman HR, Aggeler PM, Thelander H, Kelly KH, Cordes FL (1956) Leukemia and pregnancy. JAMA 161:220–223
Birkeland SA, Kristofferson K (1979) Pre-eclampsia – a state of mother–fetus immune imbalance. Lancet II:720–723
Björk O, Persson B (1984) Villous structure in different parts of the cotyledon in placentas of insulin-dependent diabetic women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:37–43
Blackburn WR, Kaplan HS, McKay DG (1965) Morphologic changes in the developing rat placenta following prednisolone administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 92:234–246
Blakley PM (1983) Experimental teratology of ethanol. In: Kalter H (ed) Issues and reviews in teratology. Plenum, New York, pp 237–282
Blanc WA, Mattison DR, Kane R, Chauhan P (1971) L.S.D., intrauterine amputations, and amniotic-band syndrome. Lancet 2:158–159
Bleyl U, Büsing CM (1969) Disseminierte intravasale Gerinnung und perinataler Schock. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 53:495–501
Boe F (1951) Vascular changes in premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 38:441–443
Boggess KA, Easterling TR, Raghu G (1995) Management and outcome of pregnant women with interstitial and restrictive lung disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1007–1014
Bowie EJ, Thompson JH, Pascuzzi CA, Owen CA (1963) Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med 62:416–430
Branch DW, Rodgers GM (1993) Induction of endothelial cell tissue factor activity by sera from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a possible mechanism of thrombosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:206–210
Branch DW, Scott JR, Kochenour NK, Hershgold E (1985) Obstetric complications associated with the lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med 313:1322–1326
Branch DW, Andres R, Digre KB, Rote NS, Scott JR (1989) The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 73:541–545
Branch DW, Silver R, Pierangeli S, van Leeuwen I, Harris EN (1997) Antiphospholipid antibodies other than lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, fertile controls, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 89:549–555
Brandt JT, Triplett DA, Musgrave K, Orr C (1987) The sensitivity of coagulation reagents to the presence of lupus anticoagulants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:120–124
Brent RL (1960) The indirect effect of radiation on embryonic development. II. Irradiation of the placenta. Am J Dis Child 100:103–108
Bresnihan B, Grigor RR, Oliver M, Lewkonia RM, Hughes GRV, Lovins RE, Faulk WP (1977) Immunological mechanism for spontaneous abortion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 2:1205–1207
Brodsky I, Baren M, Kahn SB, Lewis G, Tellem M (1965) Metastatic malignant melanoma from mother to fetus. Cancer (Phila) 18:1048–1054
Brosens I, Renaer M (1972) On the pathogenesis of placental infarcts in pre-eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 79:794–799
Brosens I, Robertson WB, Dixon HG (1967) The physiological response of the vessels of the placental bed to normal pregnancy. J Pathol Bacteriol 93:569–579
Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG (1972) The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In: Wynn RM (ed) Obstetrics and gynecology annual, vol I. Appleton, New York, pp 177–191
Brosens I, Dixon HG, Robertson WB (1974) Prostaglandins and pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2:412–413
Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Romero R (2011) The “great obstetrical syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(3):193–201. doi:1016/j.ajog.2010.08.009
Brown S, Merkow A, Wiener M, Khajezadeh J (1972) Low birth weight in babies born to mothers with sickle cell trait. JAMA 221:1404–1405
Brownscheidele CM, Davis DL (1981) Diabetes in pregnancy: a preliminary study of the pancreas, placenta and malformations in the BB Wistar rat. Placenta Suppl 3:203–216
Bruner JP, Landon MB, Gabbe S (1988) Diabetes and Graves’ disease in pregnancy complicated by maternal allergies to antithyroid medication. Obstet Gynecol 72:443–445
Buchanan NMM, Khamashta MA, Morton KE, Kerslake S, Baguley E, Hughes GRV (1992) A study of 100 high risk lupus pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 28:192–194
Budliger H (1964) Plazentarveränderungen und ihre Beziehung zur Spättoxikose und perinatalen kindlichen Sterblichkeit. Fortschr Geburtshilfe Gynakol 17:86–110
Buescher MA, McClamrock HD, Adashi EY (1992) Cushing syndrome in pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 79:130–137
Burrow GN, Ferris TF (1988) Medical complications during pregnancy. Saunders & Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Philadelphia
Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR (1994) Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med 331:1072–1078
Burrows DA, O’Neil TJ, Sorrells TL (1988) Successful twin pregnancy after renal transplant maintained on cyclosporin A immunosuppression. Obstet Gynecol 72:459–461
Burstein R, Berns AW, Hirata Y, Blumenthal HT (1963) A comparative histo- and immunopathological study of the placenta in diabetes mellitus and in erythroblastosis fetalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 86:66–76
Bussel JB, Zabusky MR, Berkowitz RL, McFarland JG (1997) Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 337:22–26
Bylock A, Bondjers G, Jansson I, Hansson H-A (1979) Surface ultrastructure of human arteries with special reference to the effects of smoking. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 87:201–209
Cameron HM, Park WW (1965) Decidual tissue within the lung. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 72:748–754
Campbell WA (1987) Fetal malignant melanoma: ultrasound presentation and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 70:434–439
Cannon JF (1958) Pregnancy and pheochromocytoma. Obstet Gynecol 11:43–48
Cardwell MS (1987) Ultrasound diagnosis of abruptio placentae with fetomaternal hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:358–359
Cariou R, Tobelem G, Soria C, Caen J (1986) Inhibition of protein C activation by endothelial cells in the presence of lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med 314:1193–1194
Carp HJA, Frenkel Y, Many A, Menashe Y, Mashiach S, Nebel L, Toder V, Serr DM (1989) Fetal demise associated with lupus anticoagulant: clinical features and results of treatment. Gynecol Obstet Invest 28:178–184
Carreras LO, Defreyn G, Machin SJ, Vermylen J, Deman R, Spitz B, van Assche A (1981a) Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and “lupus” anticoagulant: detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1:244–246
Carreras LO, Vermylen J, Spitz B, van Assche A (1981b) “Lupus” anticoagulant and inhibition of prostacyclin formation in patients with repeated abortion, intrauterine growth retardation and intrauterine death. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88:890–894
Carreras LO, Perez GN, Vega HR, Casavilla F (1988) Lupus anticoagulant and recurrent fetal loss: successful treatment with gammaglobulin. Lancet 2:393–394
Carter B (1967) Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. Six deaths due to gross bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys. Obstet Gynecol 29:30–33
Carter JE, Vellios F, Huber CP (1963a) Histologic classification and incidence of circulatory lesions of the human placenta, with a review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 40:374–378
Carter JE, Vellios F, Huber CP (1963b) Circulatory factors governing the viability of the human placenta, based on a morphologic study. Am J Clin Pathol 40:363–373
Cavanagh D, Rao PS, Tung KSK, Gastoni L (1974) Eclamptogenic toxemia: the development of an experimental model in the subhuman primate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 120:183–196
Cavanagh D, Rao PS, Tsai CC, O’Connor TC (1977) Experimental toxemia in the pregnant primate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:75–85
Cavanagh D, Rao PS, Knuppel RA, Desai U, Balis JU (1985) Pregnancy-induced hypertension: development of a model in the pregnant primate (Papio anubis). Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:987–999
Cavell B (1963) Transplacental metastasis of malignant melanoma: report of a case. Acta Paediatr Suppl 146:37–40
Chalmers I (1988) Salt, pregnancy, hypertension – and literature searches. Lancet II:1146
Chasnoff IJ, Burns WJ, Schnoll SH, Burns KA (1985) Cocaine use in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 313:666–669
Chasnoff IJ, Bussey ME, Savich R, Stack CM (1986) Perinatal cerebral infarction and maternal cocaine use. J Pediatr 108:210–213
Chasnoff IJ, Griffith DR, MacGregor S, Dirkes K, Burns KA (1989) Temporal patterns of cocaine use in pregnancy: perinatal outcome. JAMA 261:1741–1744
Chasnoff IJ, Landress HJ, Barrett ME (1990) The prevalence of illicit drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. N Engl J Med 322:1202–1206
Chávez GF, Mulinare J, Cordero JF (1989) Maternal cocaine use during early pregnancy as a risk factor for congenital urogenital anomalies. JAMA 262:795–798
Chen Y, Pederson LL, Lefcoe NM (1989) Passive smoking and low birthweight. Lancet 2:54–55
Chesley LC (1985) Diagnosis of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 65:423–425
Cheung TH, Leung A, Chang A (1990) Macrosomic babies. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 30:319–322
Chrisomalis L, Baxi LV, Heller D (1996) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1381–1382
Christianson RE (1979) Gross differences observed in the placentas of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 110:178–187
Cibils LA (1974) The placenta and newborn infant in hypertensive conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118:256–268
Clark DA (1994) Does immunological intercourse prevent pre-eclampsia? Lancet 344:969–970
Clarson C, Tevaarwerk GJW, Harding PGR, Chance GW, Haust MD (1989) Placental weight in diabetic pregnancies. Placenta 10:275–281
Clausen HV, Jorgensen JC, Ottesen B (1999) Stem villous arteries from the placentas of heavy smokers: functional and mechanical properties. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:476–482
Cnattingius S, Mills JL, Yuen J, Eriksson O, Ros HS (1997) The paradoxical effect of smoking in preeclamptic pregnancies: smoking reduces the incidence but increases the rates of perinatal mortality, abruptio placentae, and intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:156–161
Cockell AP, Learmont JG, Smárason AK, Redman CWG, Sargent IL, Poston L (1997) Human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes impair maternal vascular endothelial function. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:235–240
Coen RW, Papile L-A, Figueroa R, Henderson VM (1974) Infant survival following protracted fetoplacental separation. Pediatrics 53:760–761
Colbern GT, Chiang MH, Main EK (1994) Expression of the nonclassic histocompatibility antigen HLA-G by preeclamptic placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1244–1250
Combs CA, Easterling TR, Schmucker BC, Benedetti TJ (1989) Hemodynamic observations during paroxysmal hypertension in a pregnancy with a pheochromocytoma. Obstet Gynecol 74:439–441
Combs CA, Katz MA, Kitzmiller JL, Brescia RJ (1993) Experimental preeclampsia of the lower aorta: validation with longitudinal blood pressure measurements in conscious rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:215–223
Cove DH, Johnson P (1985) Fetal hyperthyroidism: experience of treatment in four siblings. Lancet 1:430–432
Covone AE, Mutton D, Johnson PM, Adinolfi M (1984) Trophoblast cells in peripheral blood from pregnant women. Lancet 2:841–843
Cowchock S (1997) Autoantibodies and pregnancy loss. Editorial. N Engl J Med 337:197–198
Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, Branch DW, Plouffe L (1992) Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:1318–1323
Cramblett HG, Friedman JL, Najjar S (1958) Leukemia in an infant born of a mother with leukemia. N Engl J Med 259:727–729
Cregler LL, Mark H (1986) Medical complications of cocaine abuse. N Engl J Med 315:1495–1500
Cross RG, O’Connor MH, Holland PJ (1951) Placental metastasis of a breast carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 58:810–811
Cruveiller J, Harpey J-P, Vernon P, Cannat A, Delattre A, Hervet E, Lafourcade J, Turpin R (1970) Lupus Érythémateux systémique. Transmission de manifestations cliniques et de facteurs biologiques de la mère au nouveu-né. Arch Fr Pediatr 27:195–209
Cunningham FG, Lindheimer MD (1992) Hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 326:927–932
Cunningham FG, Lowe T, Guss S, Mason R (1985) Erythrocyte morphology in women with severe preeclampsia. Preliminary observations with scanning electron microscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:358–363
Dadak C, Leithner C, Sinzinger H, Silberbauer K (1981) Diminished prostacyclin formation in umbilical arteries of babies born to women who smoke. Lancet 1:94
Daffos F, Forester F, Kaplan C (1988) Prenatal treatment of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Lancet 2:910
Dameshek W (1958) Systemic lupus erythematosus: a complex auto-immune disorder? Ann Intern Med 48:707–730
Daunter B (1992) Immunology of pregnancy: towards a unifying hypothesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Med 43:81–95
Davey DA, MacGillivray I (1988) The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:892–898
Davey DA, MacGillivray I (1989) Classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Lancet II:112
Davis LE, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG (1988) Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 72:108–112
Davis LE, Lucas MJ, Hankins GDV, Roark ML, Cunningham FG (1989) Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:63–70
Davison JM (1987) Renal transplantation and pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 9:374–380
de Groot CJM, O’Brien TJ, Taylor RN (1996) Biochemical evidence of impaired trophoblastic invasion of decidual stroma in women destined to have preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:24–29
de Wolf F, Robertson WB, Brosens I (1975) The ultrastructure of acute atherosis in hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:164–174
de Wolf F, Carreras LO, Moerman P, Vermylen J, van Assche A, Renaer M (1982) Decidual vasculopathy and extensive placental infarction in a patient with repeated thromboembolic accidents, recurrent fetal loss, and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:829–834
Deaver JE, Leppert PC, Zaroulis CG (1986) Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:153–155
Delerive C, Locquet F, Mallart A, Janin A, Gosselin B (1989) Placental metastasis from maternal bronchial oat cell carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113:556–558
Demers LM, Gabbe SG (1976) Placental prostaglandin levels in pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:137–139
Demian SDE, Donnelly WH, Frias JL, Monif GRG (1974) Placental lesions in congenital giant pigmented nevi. Am J Clin Pathol 61:438–442
Desoye G, Shafrir E (1994) Placental metabolism and its regulation in health and diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 15:505–682
Desoye G, Shafrir E (1996) The human placenta in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Rev 4:70–89
Desoye G, Hoffmann HH, Weiss PAM (1992) Insulin binding to trophoblast plasma membranes and placental glycogen content in well-controlled gestational diabetic women treated with diet or insulin, in well-controlled overt diabetic patients and in healthy control subjects. Diabetologia 35:45–55
Diamandopoulos GT, Hertig AT (1963) Transmission of leukemia and allied diseases from mother to fetus. Obstet Gynecol 21:150–154
Dines DE, Banner EA (1967) Sarcoidosis during pregnancy. Improvement in pulmonary function. JAMA 200:726–727
Ditts PV (1970) Placental transfer of ethanol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:1195–1198
Dizon-Townson DS, Nelson LM, Easton K, Ward K (1996) The factor V Leiden mutation may predispose women to severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:902–905
Dizon-Townson DS, Meline L, Nelson LM, Varner M, Ward K (1997) Fetal carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation are prone to miscarriage and placental infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177: 402–405
Dombrowski MP, Wolfe HM, Welch RA, Evans MI (1991) Cocaine abuse is associated with abruptio placentae and decreased birth weight, but not shorter labor. Obstet Gynecol 77:139–141
Donegan WL (1983) Cancer and pregnancy. Cancer J Clin (Calif) 33:194–214
Donvito MT (1988) Cocaine use during pregnancy: adverse perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:786–787
Doss BJ, Jacques SM, Atty S, Mayes MD, Qureshi F (1998) Maternal scleroderma: placental findings and perinatal outcome (abstract 593). Mod Pathol 11:103A
Dreifuss FE, McKinney WM (1966) Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) and pregnancy. JAMA 195:960–962
Driscoll SG (1965) The pathology of pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 49:1053–1067
Driscoll SG, Hicks SP, Copenhaver EH, Easterday CL (1963) Acute radiation injury in two human fetuses. Arch Pathol 76:113–119
Druzin ML, Lockshin M, Edersheim TG, Hutson JM, Krauss AL, Kogut E (1987) Second-trimester fetal monitoring and preterm delivery in pregnancies with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or circulating anticoagulant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1503–1510
Ducey J, Schulman H, Farmakides G, Rochelson B, Bracero L, Fleischer A, Guzman E, Winter D, Penny B (1987) A classification of hypertension in pregnancy based on Doppler velocimetry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:680–685
Duda J (1996) Preeclampsia. Still an enigma. West J Med 164:315–320
Duhring JL (1970) Pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, and intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108:325–326
Dunlop W, Hill LM, Landon MJ, Oxley A, Jones P (1978) Clinical relevance of coagulation and renal changes in pre-eclampsia. Lancet II:346–349
Dunn DT, Poddar D, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR (1989) Fetal haemoglobin and pregnancy in homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 72:434–438
Dyer I, McCaughey EV (1959) Abruptio placentae: a ten-year survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol 77:1176–1184
Easterling TR, Benedetti TJ (1989) Preeclampsia: a hyperdynamic disease model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:1447–1453
Easterling TR, Chadwick HS, Otto CM, Benedetti TJ (1988) Aortic stenosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 72:113–118
Editorial (1968) Smoking during pregnancy. Br Med J 2:339–340
Editorial (1991) Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Lancet 338:87–88
Edson JR, Blaese RM, White JG, Krivit W (1968) Defibrination syndrome in an infant born after abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 72:342–346
Elkind-Hirsch KE, Raynolds MV, Goldzieher JW (1989) Comparison of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin in term placentas from normal women and those with insulin-dependent and gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:71–78
Elliott JP, Gilpin B, Strong TH Jr, Finberg HJ (1998) Chronic abruption – ligohydramnios sequence. J Reprod Med 43:418–422
El-Roeiy A, Myers SA, Gleicher N (1990) The prevalence of autoantibodies and lupus anticoagulant in healthy pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 75:390–396
Elsas LJ, Whittemore R, Burrow GN (1967) Maternal and neonatal Graves’ disease. JAMA 200:250–252
Emmrich P, Amendt P, Gödel E (1974) Morphologie der Plazenta und neonatale Acidose bei mütterlichem Diabetes mellitus. Pathol Microbiol 40:100–114
Epstein FH (1964) Late vascular effects of toxemia of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 271:391–395
Erskine KJ, Iversen SA, Davies R (1985) An altered ratio of 18:2(9,11) to 18:2(9,12) linoleic acid in plasma phospholipids as a possible predictor of pre-eclampsia. Lancet I:554–555
Fadel HE, Krauss JS (1989) Factor VII deficiency and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 73:453–454
Fagan EA (1997) Diseases of liver, biliary system, and pancreas. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R (eds) Maternal-fetal medicine. Principles and practice. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1054–1081
Farquharson RG, Compston A, Bloom AL (1985) Lupus anticoagulant: a place for pre-pregnancy treatment? Lancet II:842–843
Feinstein DI (1985) Lupus anticoagulant, thrombosis, and fetal loss. N Engl J Med 313:1348–1350
Feraboli M (1951) La placenta nelle cardiopatie. Quad Clin Ostet Ginecol (Genoa) 6:219–230
Fiddler GI (1974) Propranolol and pregnancy. Lancet 2:722–723
Fischer U, Horkÿ Z (1966) Vorläufige Untersuchungen zum Glykogengehalt sowie Sauerstoff- und Glukoseverbrauch der Plazenta in vitro bei Diabetes mellitus. In: Mohnike G, Mohnike G (eds) Schwangerschaft und Neugeborenes der zuckerkranken Frau (IV Intern Symp Diabetesfragen). VEB Verlag Volk u. Gesundheit, Berlin, pp 82–88
Fisk NM, Storey GNB (1988) Fetal outcome in obstetric cholestasis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95:1137–1143
Fitzgerald DJ, Rocki W, Murray R, Mayo G, Fitzgerald GA (1990) Thromboxane A2 synthesis in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Lancet 335:751–754
Fox H (1963) White infarcts of the placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 70:980–991
Fox H (1969) Pathology of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 34:792–798
Fox H (1970) Effect of hypoxia on trophoblast in organ culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107:1058–1064
Fox H (1978) Pathology of the placenta. Saunders, London
Fox H (1997) Pathology of the placenta, 2nd edn. Saunders, London
Fox LP, Grandi J, Johnson AH, Watrous WG, Johnson MJ (1969) Pheochromocytoma associated with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 104:288–294
Francis ST, Duncan KR, Moore RJ, Baker PN, Johnson IR, Gowland PA (1998) Non-invasive mapping of placental perfusion. Lancet 351:1397–1399
Frank DA, Zuckerman BS, Amaro H, Aboagye K, Bauchner H, Cabral H, Fried L, Hingson R, Kayne H, Levenson SM, Parker S, Reece H, Vinci R (1988) Cocaine use during pregnancy: prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics 82:888–895
Freedman WL, McMahon FJ (1960) Placental metastasis: review of the literature and report of a case of metastatic melanoma. Obstet Gynecol 16:550–560
Freese UE (1978) A placental evaluation of drug addiction in pregnancy. J Reprod Med 20:307–315
Friedman SA (1988) Preeclampsia: a review of the role of prostaglandins. Obstet Gynecol 71:122–137
Fujikura T, Froehlich L (1968) Diagnosis of sickling by placental examination. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100:1122–1124
Fulroth R, Phillips B, Durand DJ (1989) Perinatal outcome of infants exposed to cocaine and/or heroin in utero. Am J Dis Child 143:905–910
Gau GS, Bhundia J, Napier K, Ryder TA (1983) The worm that wasn’t. Lancet I:1160–1161
George PA, Fortner JG, Pack GT (1960) Melanoma with pregnancy: a report of 115 cases. Cancer (Phila) 13:854–859
Gerretsen G, Huisjes HJ, Elema JD (1981) Morphological changes of the spiral arteries in the placental bed in relation to preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88:876–881
Gerretsen G, Huisjes HJ, Hardonk MJ, Elema JD (1983) Trophoblastic alterations in the placental bed in relation to physiological changes in spiral arteries. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:34–39
Geva E, Amit A, Lerner-Geva L, Lessing JB (1998) Prevention of early pregnancy loss in autoantibody seropositive women. Lancet 351:34–35
Ghabour MS, Eis ALW, Brockman DE, Pollock JS, Myatt L (1995) Immunohistochemical characterization of placental nitric oxide synthase expression in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:687–694
Gilbert WM, Lafferty CM, Benirschke K, Resnik R (1990) Lack of specific placental abnormality associated with cocaine use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:998–999
Giles WB, Trudinger BJ, Baird PJ (1985) Fetal umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance: pathological correlation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:31–35
Gille JH, Moore DG, Sedgwick CJ (1977) Placental infarction: a sign of preeclampsia in a Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). Lab Anim Sci 27:120–121
Ginsburg J, Jeacock MK (1967) Placental lactate production in toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 98:239–244
Gitlin D, Kumate J, Morales C (1965) Placental insulin transport. Pediatrics 33:65–69
Gleicher N (1997) Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproductive failure: what they do and what they do not do; how to, and how not to treat! Hum Reprod (Oxf) 12:13–16
Gleicher N, Friberg J (1985) IgM gammopathy and the lupus anticoagulant syndrome in habitual aborters. JAMA 253:3278–3281
Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS (1987) Single-agent chemotherapy. In: Szulman AE, Buchsbaum HJ, Szulman AE, Buchsbaum HJ (eds) Gestational trophoblastic disease. Springer, New York, pp135–145
Goodlin RC, Anderson JC, Skiles TL (1985) Pruritus and hyperplacentosis. Obstet Gynecol 66:36S–38S
Goodman RM, Gresham GE, Roberts PL (1967) Outcome of pregnancy in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a retrospective study of 40 patients and 80 matched controls. Fertil Steril 18:272–277
Goodwin TM, Gazit G, Gordon EM (1995) Heterozygous protein C deficiency presenting as severe protein C deficiency and peripartum thrombosis: successful treatment with protein C concentrate. Obstet Gynecol 86:662–664
Gött E (1969) Lupus erythematodes disseminatus: Schwangerschaft und Geburt. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 94:274–279
Goujard J, Rumeau E, Schwartz D (1975) Smoking during pregnancy, stillbirth and abruptio placentae. Biomedicine (Paris) 23:20–22
Goujard J, Kaminski M, Rumeau-Rouquette C, Schwartz D (1978) Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and abruptio placentae (Letter to the editor.). Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:738–739
Graham CH, McCrae KR (1996) Altered expression of gelatinase and surface-associated plasminogen activator activity by trophoblast cells isolated from placentas of preeclamptic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:555–562
Gratton RJ, Knight S, Heine RP, Laifer SA, Harger JH, Bontempto FA, Hassett AC (1997) Activated protein C resistance (APCr) in normal pregnancy (SPO abstract S172). Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:603
Greco MA, Klein S, Bigelow B (1973) Lymphocytosis in the first-trimester placenta of a mother taking diphenylhydantoin. N Engl J Med 289:867–868
Greco MA, Kamat BR, Demopoulos RI (1989) Placental protein distribution in maternal diabetes mellitus: an immunocytochemical study. Pediatr Pathol 9:679–690
Grennan DM, McCormick JN, Wojtacha D, Carty M, Behan W (1978) Immunological studies of the placenta in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 37:129–134
Griffin JFT, Wilson EW (1979) Pre-eclampsia: a state of mother-fetus immune imbalance. Lancet II:1366–1367
Grimes EM, Fayez JA, Miller GL (1973) Cushing’s syndrome and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 42:550–559
Grimes DA, LeBolt SA, Grimes KR, Wingo PA (1985) Systemic lupus erythematosus and reproductive function: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:179–186
Grimmer D, Landas S, Kemp JD (1988) IgM antitrophoblast antibodies in a patient with a pregnancy-associated lupuslike disorder, vasculitis, and recurrent intrauterine fetal demise. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:191–193
Grossman RA, Goldberg EH (1987) Incidence and recurrence rate of abruptio placentae in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol 69:280–281
Gruenwald P, Levin H, Yousem H (1968) Abruption and premature separation of the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 102:604–610
Gujrati VR, Shanker K, Vrat S, Chandravati MS, Parmar SS (1996) Novel appearance of placental nuclear monoamine oxidase: biochemical and histochemical evidence for hyperserotonomic state in preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1543–1550
Gunther R, Harer W (1964) Systemic scleroderma and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 23:297–300
Gusdon JP, Heise ER, Herbst GA (1977) Studies of lymphocyte populations in pre-eclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:255–259
Gusdon JP, Heise ER, Quinn KJ, Matthews LC (1984) Lymphocyte subpopulations in normal and preeclampsia pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 5:28–31
Haile H (1940) Über Schädigung des Neugeborenen bei Eklampsie. Z Geburtshilfe Gynakol 120:334–352
Halberstadt E, Schneider D, Gerber E (1969) Über die vorzeitige Lösung der normal inserierten Placenta. Gynaecologia 167:491–502
Handin RI (1981) Neonatal immune thrombocytopenia – the doctor’s dilemma. N Engl J Med 305:951–953
Hanretti KP, Whittle MJ, Rubin PC (1988) Doppler uteroplacental waveforms in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a re-appraisal. Lancet 1:850–852
Hanson RS, Powrie RO, Larson L (1997) Diabetes insipidus in pregnancy: a treatable cause of oligohydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 89:816–817
Haour F, Bertrand J (1974) Insulin receptors in the plasma membranes of human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:334–337
Hardardottier H, Kelly K, Bork MD, Cusick W, Campbell WA, Rodis J (1996) Atypical presentation of preeclampsia in high-order multifetal gestations. Obstet Gynecol 87:370–374
Harper MA, McVeigh JE, Thompson W, Ardill JES, Buchanan KD (1995) Successful pregnancy in association with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:863–864
Harris BA, Gore H, Flowers CE (1985) Peripheral placental separation: a possible relationship to premature labor. Obstet Gynecol 66:774–778
Haupt H (1963) Über das Schocksyndrom des Neugeborenen nach vorzeitiger Plazentalösung. Munch Med Wochenschr 105:441–449
Haust MD (1981) Maternal diabetes mellitus – effects on the fetus and placenta. In: Naeye RL, Kissane JM, Kaufman N (eds) Perinatal diseases. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 201–285
Haust MD, Heras JL, Harding PG (1977) Fat-containing uterine smooth muscle cells in “toxemia”: possible relevance to atherosclerosis? Science 195:1353–1354
Hayes GW, Walsh CR, d’Alessandro EE (1962) Scleroderma in pregnancy: report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 19:273–274
Haynes DM (1963) Experimental abruptio placentae in the rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 85:626–645
Hayslett JP, Reece EA (1985) Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 12:539–549
Heite H-J, Kaden G (1972) Metastasierung bösartiger Tumoren, insbesondere des malignen Melanomas, in Plazenta und Kind. Munch Med Wochenschr 114:1909–1913
Hennessey JP, Rottino A (1963) Hodgkin’s disease in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 87:851–853
Hertig AT (1945) Vascular pathology in hypertensive albuminuric toxemias of pregnancy. Clinics 4:602–614
Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED (1963) Aetiological factors in abruptio placentae. Br Med J 2:1430–1436
Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED (1968) Folate metabolism and reproduction. Br Med Bull 24:10–14
Higgins SD, Garite TJ (1984) Late abruptio placenta in trauma patients: implications for monitoring. Obstet Gynecol 63:10S–12S
Hill JG, Brunton FJ (1968) Arteriographic assessment of placental vascularity after antepartum haemorrhage. Br Med J 1:25–26
Himmelmann A, Himmelmann K, Svensson A, Hansson L (1997) Glucose and insulin levels in young subjects with different maternal histories of hypertension: the hypertension in pregnancy offspring study. J Intern Med 241:19–22
Hochfeld M, Druzin ML, Maia D, Wright J, Lambert RE, McGuire J (1994) Pregnancy complicated by primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 83:804–805
Hodari AA (1967) Chronic uterine ischemia and reversible experimental “toxemia of pregnancy”. Am J Obstet Gynecol 97:597–607
Hoet J-P, de Meyer R, de Meyer-Doyen L (1960) Hypothyoïdie et grossesse. Helv Med Acta 27:178–195
Hoff C, Bixler C (1984) Maternofetal ABO antigenic dissimilarity and preeclampsia. Lancet I:729–730
Holaday WJ, Castrow FF (1968) Placental metastasis from a fetal giant pigmented nevus. Arch Dermatol 98:486–488
Holland E (1949) A case of transplacental metastasis of malignant melanoma from mother to foetus. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 56:529–538
Hollister MC, Reid DL, Phernetton TM, Landauer M, Rankin JHG (1988) Dose-response curves of the uterine and placental vascular beds to prostaglandin I2. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1372–1375
Holmes RW (1908) Ablatio placentae. JAMA 51:1845–1848
Hölzl M, Lüthje D, Seck-Ebersbach K (1974) Placentaveränderungen bei EPH-Gestose. Morphologischer Befund und Schweregrad der Erkrankung. Arch Gynakol 217:315–334
Honoré LH, Brown LB (1990) Intervillous placental metastasis with maternal myeloid leukemia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114:450
Horkÿ Z (1968) Angiolopathia myometrii bei Diabetes mellitus. Geburtsh Frauenheilkd 28:674–679
Hörmann G, Lemtis H (1965a) Zur Frage der diaplazentaren Metastasierung maligner Blastome der Mutter. Z Geburtshilfe Gynakol 164:1–8
Hörmann G, Lemtis H (1965b) Abwehrleistungen der “Einheit Fetus und Plazenta” gegenüber hämatogen verschleppten Zellverbänden maligner Blastome der Mutter. Z Geburtshilfe Gynakol 164:129–142
Horn LC, Emmrich P, Rösch A (1994) Intrauteriner Fruchttod bei mütterlichem Nikotinabusus? Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 78:580
Horner EN (1960) Placental metastases: case report: maternal death from ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 15:566–572
Hoskins IA, Friedman DM, Frieden FJ, Ordorica SA, Young BK (1991) Relationship between antepartum cocaine abuse, abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry, and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 78:279–282
Hou S (1985) Pregnancy in women with chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 312:836–839
Houlton MCC, Jackson MBA (1978) Gaucher’s disease and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 51:619–620
Houwert-de Jong MH, te Velde ER, Nefkens MJJ, Schuurman HJ (1982) Immune complexes in skin of patients with preeclamptic toxaemia. Lancet II:387
Howard BK, Goodson JH (1953) Experimental placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2:442–446
Howard RB, Hosokawa T, Maguire MH (1987) Hypoxia-induced fetoplacental vasoconstriction in perfused human placental cotyledons. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1261–1266
Huber CP, Carter JE, Vellios F (1961) Lesions of the circulatory system of the placenta. A study of 234 placentas with special reference to the development of infarcts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 81:560–573
Hulka JF (1985) Discussion of Grimes et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:185
Hulka JF, Brinton V (1963) Antibody to trophoblast during early postpartum period in toxemic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 86:130–134
Hull D, Binns BAO, Joyce D (1966) Congenital heart block and widespread fibrosis due to maternal lupus erythematosus. Arch Dis Child 41:688–690
Hunter CA, Howard WF, McCormick CO (1961) Postpartum curettage effective in reducing hypertension of toxemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 81:884–889
Ichinohe T (2010) Long-term feto-maternal microchimerism revisited. Microchimerism and tolerance in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Chimerism 1:39–43
Iioka H, Moriyama I, Kyuma M, Saitoh M, Oku M, Hino K, Okamura Y, Itani Y, Ichijo M (1987) Nonenzymatic glucosylation of human placental trophoblast basement membrane collagen. Relation to diabetic pathology. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 39:400–404
Iklé A (1961) Trophoblastzellen im strömenden Blut. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 91:943
Iklé FA (1964) Dissemination von Syncytiotrophoblastzellen im mütterlichen Blut während der Gravidität. Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss 20:63–72
Infante-Rivard C, David M, Gauthier R, Rivard GE (1991) Lupus anticoagulants, anticardiolipin antibodies, and fetal loss. A case-control study. N Engl J Med 325:1063–1066
Jäämeri KEU, Koivuniemi AP, Carpén EO (1965) Occurrence of trophoblasts in the blood of toxaemic patients. Gynaecologia 160:315–320
Jackson R (1964) Discoid lupus in a newborn infant of a mother with lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics 33:425–430
Jackson MR, Mayhew TM, Haas JD (1987) Morphometric studies on villi in human term placentae and the effects of altitude, ethnic grouping and sex of newborn. Placenta 8:487–495
Jackson MR, Mayhew TM, Haas JD (1988) Effects of high altitude on the vascularization of terminal villi in human placentae. In: Kaufmann P, Miller RK (eds) Trophoblast research, vol 3. Plenum, New York, pp 351–360
Jácomo KH, Benedetti WL, Sala MA, Alvarez H (1976) Pathology of the trophoblast and fetal vessels of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol Lat 13:216–235
James RF (1985) Snake bite in pregnancy. Lancet 2:731
Jauniaux E, Burton GJ (1992) The effect of smoking in pregnancy on early placental morphology. Obstet Gynecol 79:645–648
Javert CT, Reiss C (1952) The origin and significance of macroscopic intervillous coagulation hematomas (red infarcts) of the human placenta. Surg Gynecol Obstet 94:257–269
Jazayeri A, Tsibris JCM, Spellacy WN (1998) Umbilical cord plasma erythropoietin levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal smoking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:433–435
Jeremy JY, Barradas MA, Mikhailidis DP, Dandona P (1986) Placental prostaglandin production in normal and toxemic pregnancies (letter). Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:212–214
Johnson FD (1972) Pregnancy and concurrent chronic myelogenous leukemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112:640–644
Johnson PM, Natvig JB, Ystehede UA, Faulk WP (1977) Immunological studies on human placentae: the distribution and character of immunoglobulins in chorionic villi. Clin Exp Immunol 30:145–153
Jones EM (1969) Placental metastases from bronchial carcinoma. Br Med J 1:491–492
Jones CJP, Desoye G (1993) Glycogen distribution in the capillaries of the placental villus in normal, overt and gestational diabetic pregnancy. Placenta 14:505–517
Jones CJP, Fox H (1976) Placental changes in gestational diabetes: an ultrastructural study. Obstet Gynecol 48:274–280
Jones CJP, Fox H (1980) An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of the human placenta in maternal pre-eclampsia. Placenta 1:61–76
Jones DC, Hayslett JP (1996) Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 335:226–232
Jones TG, Goldsmith KLG, Anderson IM (1961) Maternal and neonatal platelet antibodies in a case of congenital thrombocytopenia. Lancet 2:1008–1009
Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth AP (1973) Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic women. Lancet 1:1267–1271
Jørgensen KR, Deckert T, Pedersen LM, Pedersen J (1966) Insulin, insulin antibody and glucose in plasma of newborn infants of diabetic women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 52:154–167
Jung AL, Roan Y, Temple AR (1980) Neonatal death associated with transplacental ethanol intoxication. Am J Dis Child 134:419–420
Kaibara M, Kobayashi T, Matsumoto S (1985) Idiopathic thrombocythemia and pregnancy: report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 65:18S–19S
Kalhan SC, Schwartz R, Adam PAJ (1975) Placental barrier to human insulin-l125 in insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:139–142
Kaminski M, Rumeau-Rouquette C, Schwartz D (1978) Effects of alcohol on the fetus. N Engl J Med 298:55–56
Kaplan MM (1985) Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 313:367–370
Kaplan C, Daffos F, Forestier F, Tertian G, Catherine N, Pons JC, Tchernia G (1990) Fetal platelet counts in thrombocytopenic pregnancy. Lancet 336:979–982
Kåregård M, Gennser G (1986) Incidence and recurrence rate of abruptio placentae in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol 67:523–528
Kaufmann P, Stark J (1977) Ultrastruktur der Plazenta bei Diabetes, EPH-Gestose und Rh-Inkompatibilität. In: Födisch JJ (ed) Neue Erkenntnisse über die Orthologie und Pathologie der Plazenta. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 53–62
Kaufmann P, Kohnen G, Kosanke G (1993) Wechselwirkungen zwischen Plazentamorphologie und fetaler Sauerstoffversorgung. Versuch einer zellbiologischen Interpretation pathohistologischer und experimenteller Befunde. Gynakologe 26:16–23
Kelemen JT, Mandi L (1969) Sarcoidose in der Placenta. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 112:18–21
Kerber IJ, Warr OS, Richardson C (1968) Pregnancy in a patient with a prosthetic mitral valve: associated with a fetal anomaly attributed to Warfarin sodium. JAMA 203:223–225
Khong TY (1987) Immunohistologic study of the leukocytic infiltrate in maternal uterine tissues in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies at term. Am J Reprod Immunol 15:1–8
Khong TY, Chambers HM (1992) Alternative method of sampling placentas for the assessment of uteroplacental vasculature. J Clin Pathol 45:925–927
Khong TY, Hague WM (1997) The placenta in maternal hyperhomocysteinaemia. Placenta 18:A33
Khong TY, Pearce JM, Robertson WB (1987) Acute atherosis in preeclampsia: maternal determinants and fetal outcome in the presence of the lesion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:360–363
Khong TY, Sawyer IH, Heryet A (1992) An immunohistologic study of endothelialization of uteroplacental vessels in human pregnancy – evidence that endothelium is focally disrupted by trophoblast in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:751–756
Kilpatrick DC (1987) Immune mechanisms and pre-eclampsia. Lancet II:1460–1461
Kimmerle R, Chantelau EA (1991) Transplacental passage of insulin. N Engl J Med 324:198–199
Kirshon B, Edwards J, Cotton DB (1987) Gordon’s syndrome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1110–1111
Kitay DZ (1968) Folic acid in pregnancy. JAMA 204:79
Kitzmiller JL, Benirschke K (1973) Immunofluorescent study of placental bed vessels in pre-eclampsia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115:248–251
Kitzmiller JL, Stoneburner L, Yelenovsky PF, Lucas WE (1973) Serum complement in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117:312–315
Kitzmiller JL, Watt N, Driscoll SG (1981) Decidual arteriopathy in hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy: immunofluorescent studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:773–778
Kjeldsen J, Pedersen J (1967) Relation of residual placental blood-volume to onset of respiratory-distress syndrome in infants of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. Lancet 1:180–184
Klebe JG, Ingomar CJ (1974a) Placental transfusion in infants of diabetic mothers elucidated by placental residual blood volume. Acta Paediatr Scand 63:59–64
Klebe JG, Ingomar CJ (1974b) The influence of the method of delivery and the clamping technique on the red cell volume in infants of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. Acta Paediatr Scand 63:65–69
Kline J, Stein ZA, Susser M, Warburton D (1977) Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 297:793–796
Klippel JH, Grimley PM, Decker JL (1974) Lymphocyte inclusions in newborns of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 290:96–97
Klurfeld DM (1985) Identification of foam cells in human atherosclerotic lesions as macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Pathol 109:445–449
Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Uebele-Kallhardt B (1969) Zur Frage der Wirkung alkylierender Substanzen auf die Entwicklung der Frucht. Geburtsh Frauenheilkd 29:601–611
Knox GE, Stagno S, Volanakis JE, Huddelston JF (1978) A search for antigen-antibody complexes in pre-eclampsia: further evidence against immunologic pathogenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132:87–89
König PA (1956) Über Eklampsietod und Gefäßwandschaden bei Mutter und Kind. Z Geburtshilfe Gynakol 146:292–307
Koshy M, Burd L, Wallace D, Moawad A, Baron J (1988) Prophylactic red-cell transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease: a randomized cooperative study. N Engl J Med 319:1447–1451
Kosova LA, Schwartz SO (1966) Multiple myeloma and normal pregnancy: report of a case. Blood 28:102–111
Kowal-Vern A, Fisher SG, Muraskas J, Jandreski MA, Gianopoulos JG, Husain A (1996) Placental pathologic conditions in anticardiolipin antibody positive women whose infants had congenital heart defects. J Perinatol 16:268–271
Kramer MS, Usher RH, Pollack R, Boyd M, Usher S (1997) Etiologic determinants of abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 89:221–226
Krayalcin G, Imran M, Rosner F (1972) “Blister cells”: association with pregnancy, sickle cell disease, and pulmonary infarction. JAMA 219:1727–1729
Kuhnert PM, Kuhnert BR, Erhard P, Brashear WT, Groh-Wargo SL, Webster S (1987a) The effect of smoking on placental and fetal zinc status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1241–1246
Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Debanne S, Williams TG (1987b) The relationship between cadmium, zinc, and birth weight in pregnant women who smoke. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1247–1251
Kupferminc MJ, Lee MJ, Green D, Peaceman AM (1994) Severe postpartum pulmonary, cardiac, and renal syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 83:806–807
Kupferminc MJ, Eldor A, Steinman N, Many A, Bar-Am A, Jaffa A, Fait G, Lessing JB (1999) Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 340:9–13 (see also Editorial, pp. 50–51)
Labarrere CA (1987) Placental bed biopsy technique and vascular changes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1320–1322
Labarrere CA, Faulk WP (1994) Antigenic identification of cells in spiral artery trophoblastic invasion: validation of histologic studies by triple-antibody immunocytochemistry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:165–171
Lacher MJ, Geller W (1966) Cyclophosphamide and vinblastine sulfate in Hodgkin’s disease during pregnancy. JAMA 195:486–488
Lao TT, Wong WM (1997) Placental ratio – its relationship with mild anaemia. Placenta 18:593–596
Lau H, Sackreuther W, Bach HG, Grabberr W, Hundertmack R (1964) Über die vorzeitige Lösung der normal sitzenden Placenta. Klinische Beobachtungen an 100 Fällen. Gynaecologia 157:143–160
Laureti E, De Galateo A, Giorgino F (1982) Ricerche quantitativa sultenore di idrossi prolina, di lipid e di esosi in placenta normali e diabeiche del 3° mese di gravidanza. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 58:702–707
Laurini RN, Visser GHA, van Ballegoodie E (1984) Morphological fetoplacental abnormalities despite well-controlled diabetic pregnancy. Lancet 1:800
Lazarchick J, Kizer J (1989) The laboratory diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113:177–180
Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS (1978) The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines, and plasma cortisol to progress in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132:495–500
Lee RA, Johnson CE, Hanlon DG (1962) Leukemia during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 84:455–458
Lemtis H (1967) Über die vorzeitige Lösung der normal sitzenden Plazenta. Forsch Praxis Fortbild 18:231–237
Lemtis H, Hörmann G (1969) Über die sogenannten Plazentametastasen maligner Blastome der Mutter. In: Schmidt CG, Wetter O (eds) Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 521–527
Lentz SE, Coulson CC, Gocke CD, Fantaskey AP (1998) Placental pathology in maternal and neonatal myeloproliferative disorders. Obstet Gynecol 91:863
Leone G, Monetta E, Paparatti G, Boni P (1975) Von Willebrand’s disease in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 293:456
Leushner JRA, Tevaarwerk GJM, Clarson CL, Harding PGR, Chance GW, Haust MD (1986) Analysis of the collagens of diabetic placental villi. Cell Mol Biol 32:27–35
Levine MG, Esser D (1988) Total parenteral nutrition for the treatment of severe hyperemesis gravidarum: maternal nutritional effects and fetal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 72:102–107
Li MC, Hertz R, Spencer DB (1956) Effects of methotrexate therapy upon choriocarcinomas and chorioadenomas. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93:361–366
Lichtig C, Deutsch M, Brandes J (1984) Vascular changes of endometrium in early pregnancy. Am J Clin Pathol 81:702–707
Liebhardt M (1968) Tkanka Laczna lozysk pochodzacych z ciaz powiklanych prdzez cukrzyce matki. Ginecol Pol 39:1353–1362
Lin S, Shimizu I, Suehara N, Nakayama M, Aono T (1995) Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in relation to trophoblast migration into the myometrium of the placental bed. Obstet Gynecol 85: 760–765
Little BB, Snell LM, Klein VR, Gilstrap LC III (1989) Cocaine abuse during pregnancy: maternal and fetal implications. Obstet Gynecol 73:157–160
Lockshin MD, Druzin ML, Qamar T (1989) Prednisone does not prevent recurrent fetal death in women with antiphospholipid antibody. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:439–443
Lockwood CJ, Reece EA, Romero R, Hobbins JC (1986) Anti-phospholipid antibody and pregnancy wastage. Lancet 2:742–743
Lockwood CJ, Romero R, Feinberg RF, Clyne LP, Coster B, Hobbins JC (1989) The prevalence and biologic significance of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a general obstetric population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:369–373
Loizoll S, Byron MA, Englert HJ, David J, Hughes GRV, Walport MJ (1988) Association of quantitative anticardiolipin antibody levels with fetal loss and time of loss in systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med 68:525–531
Long EG, Tsin TY, Reinarz JA, Schnadig VJ, McLucas E, Kelly RT (1984) “Hydatoxi lualba” identified. Am J Obstet Gynecol 149:462–463
Lopez-Zeno JA, Carlo WA, O’Grady JP, Fanaroff AA (1990) Infant survival following delayed postmortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 76:991–992
Lotgering FK, Pijpers L, van Eijck J, Wallenburg HCS (1989) Pregnancy in a patient with diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:628–630
Lubbe WF, Liggins GC (1985) Lupus anticoagulant and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:322–327
Lubbe WF, Butler WS, Palmer SJ, Liggins GC (1963) Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus-anticoagulant. Lancet I:1361–1363
Lueck J, Brewer JI, Aladjem S, Novotny M (1983) Observation of an organism found in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease and in patients with toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145:15–26
Lundberg C, Marceau F, Huey R, Hugli TE (1986) Anaphylatoxin C5a fails to promote prostacyclin release in cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical veins. Immunopharmacology 12: 135–143
Machin GA (1987) Maternal melanoma metastatic to the placenta. Pediatr Pathol 7:490
MacLean MA, Wilson R, Thomson JA, Krishnamurthy S, Walker JJ (1992) Immunological changes in normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Med 43:167–172
MacLennan AH, Sharp F, Shaw-Dunn J (1972) The ultrastructure of human trophoblast in spontaneous and induced hypoxia using a system of organ culture. A comparison with ultrastructural changes in pre-eclampsia and placental insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 79:113–121
Magid MS, Kaplan C, Sammaritano LR, Peterson M, Druzin ML, Lockshin MD (1998) Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:226–234
Mäkilä U-M, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O (1984) Evidence that prostacyclin deficiency is a specific feature in preeclampsia. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 148:772–774
Mäkilä U-M, Jouppila P, Kirkinen P, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O (1986) Placental thromboxane and prostacyclin in the regulation of placental blood flow. Obstet Gynecol 68:537–540
Maqueo M, Azuela JC, Karchmer S, Arenas JC (1965) Placental morphology in pathologic gestations with or without toxemia: observation in cases of diabetes mellitus, hydrops fetalis, twin pregnancy, placenta previa, and hydatidiform mole. Obstet Gynecol 26:184–191
Marais WD (1962a) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part II. A universal thesis on the pathogenesis of intraplacental fibrin deposits, layered thrombosis, red and white infarcts and toxic and non-toxic abruptio placentae. A microscopic study. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 69:213–224
Marais WD (1962b) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part III. Histological patterns and some clinical implications of decidual spiral arteriosclerosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 69:225–233
Marais WD (1962c) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part V. Pathogenetic patterns of intraplacental lesions. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 69:944–955
Marais WD (1962d) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part VI: postmortem circulation studies on an in situ placenta. S Afr Med J 36:678–681
Marais WD (1963a) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part VII. The clinical evaluation of normal and abnormal spiral arterioles and of placental lesions. A statistical study. J Obstet Gynaecol 70:777–786
Marais WD (1963b) Human decidual spiral arterial studies. Part VIII. The aetiological relationship between toxaemia-hypertension of pregnancy and spiral arterial placental pathology. S Afr Med J 37:117–120
Marbury MC, Linn S, Monson R, Schoenbaum S, Stubblefield PG, Ryan KJ (1983) The association of alcohol consumption with outcome of pregnancy. Am J Public Health 73:1165–1168
Marcuse PM (1954) Pulmonary syncytial giant cell embolism. Report of maternal death. Obstet Gynecol 3:210–213
Marks F, Ordorica S, Hoskins I, Young BK (1989) Congenital hereditary fructose intolerance and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:362–363
Marsh RD, Chu NM (1996) Placental metastasis from primary ocular melanoma: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:1654–1655
Martinez CRJ (1967) Foetus in maternal renal failure. Lancet 1:504
Martinez AE, Gonzalez OM, Quinones GA, Ferrannini E (1996) Hyperinsulinemia in glucose-tolerant women with preeclampsia. A controlled study. Am J Hypertens 9:610–614
Massobrio M, Benedetto C, Bertini E, Tetta C, Camussi G (1985) Immune complexes in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:578–583
Matijevic R, Meekins JW, Walkinshaw SA, Neilson JP, McFayden IR (1995) Spiral artery blood flow in the central and peripheral areas of the placental bed in the second trimester. Obstet Gynecol 86:289–292
Matos A, Bernardes J, Ayres-de-Campos D, Patricio B (1997) Antepartum fetal cerebral hemorrhage not predicted by current surveillance methods in cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 89:803–804
Maymon R, Bahari C, Moroz C (1989) Placental isoferritin: a new serum marker in toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:681–684
McFaul PB, Dornan JC, Lamki H, Boyle D (1988) Pregnancy complicated by maternal heart disease: a review of 519 women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95:861–867
McFayden IR, Price AB, Geirsson RT (1986) The relation of birthweight to histological appearances in vessels of the placental bed. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:476–481
McGlothlin WH, Sparkes RS, Arnold DO (1970) Effect of LSD on human pregnancy. JAMA 212:1483–1487
McGowan L (1964) Cancer and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 19:285–307
McKay DG, Jewett JF, Reid DE (1959) Endotoxin shock and the generalized Shwartzman reaction in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 78:546–566
McLaughlin PJ, Stirrat GM, Redman CWG, Levinsky RJ (1979) Immune complexes in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Lancet I:934–935
McVerry BA, Machin SJ, Parry H, Goldstone AH (1980) Reduced prostacyclin activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 39:524–525
Menon RK, Cohen RM, Sperling MA, Cutfield WS, Mimouni F, Khoury JC (1990) Transplacental passage of insulin in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Its role in fetal macrosomia. N Engl J Med 323:309–315
Mercado A, Johnson G, Calver D, Sokol RJ (1989) Cocaine, pregnancy, and postpartum intracerebral hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 73:467–468
Mercer B, Drouin J, Jolly E, d’Anjou G (1988) Primary thrombocythemia in pregnancy: a report of two cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:127–128
Messer RH (1987) Symposium on bleeding disorders in pregnancy: observations in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1419–1425
Metcalfe J, Novy MJ, Peterson EN (1966) Reproduction at high altitude. In: Benirschke K (ed) Comparative aspects of reproductive failure. Springer, New York, pp 447–457
Meyer MB, Tonascia JA (1977) Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, and perinatal mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:494–502
Mijer F, Olsen RN (1958) Transplacental passage of L.E. factor. J Pediatr 52:690–693
Miller JM, Boudreaux MC, Regan FA (1995) A case-control study of cocaine use in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:180–185
Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Allen MV, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB, Peterson CM, Withiam-Wilson M, Brown Z, Ober C, Harley E, MacPherson TA, Duckles A, Mueller-Heubach E (1988) NICHD, and HD-DEPS: incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. N Engl J Med 319:1617–1623
Milo R, Neuman M, Klein C, Caspi E, Arlazoroff A (1989) Acute intermittent porphyria in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 73:450–452
Miodovnik M, Skillman C, Holroyde JC, Butler JB, Wendel JS, Siddiqi TA (1985) Elevated maternal glycohemoglobin in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:439–442
Mirro R, Brown DR (1982) Edema, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia in infants of preeclamptic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:851–852
Moore TR, Sorg J, Miller L, Key TC, Resnik R (1986) Hemodynamic effects of intravenous cocaine on the pregnant ewe and fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:883–888
Morales WJ, Stroup M (1985) Intracranial hemorrhage in utero due to isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol 65:20S–24S
Mordel N, Birkenfeld A, Goldfarb AN, Rachmilewitz EA (1989) Successful full-term pregnancy in homozygous ß-thalassemia major: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 73:837–840
Morgan MA, Berkowitz KM, Thomas SJ, Reimbold P, Quilligan EJ (1994) Abruptio placentae: perinatal outcome in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1595–1599
Morrow RJ, Ritchie JWK, Bull SB (1988) Maternal cigarette smoking: the effects on umbilical and uterine blood flow velocity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1069–1071
Mueller-Eckhardt C, Kiefel V, Jovanovic V, Künzel W, Becker T, Wolf H, Zeh K (1988) Prenatal treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Lancet 2:910
Muller G, Philippe E, Lefakis P, de Mot-Leclair M, Dreyfus J, Nusynowicz G, Renaud R, Gandar R (1971) Les lésionsplacentaires de la gestose. Étude anatomo-clinique. Gynecol Obstet 70:309–316
Mullinax F (1998) Chimerism in scleroderma. Lancet 351:1886
Mund A, Simson J, Rothfield N (1963) Effect of pregnancy on course of systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA 183:917–920
Murphy JF, Mulcahy R, Drumm JE (1977) Smoking and the fetus. Lancet 2:36
Musci TJ, Roberts JM, Rodgers GM, Taylor RN (1988) Mitogenic activity is increased in the sera of preeclamptic women before birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1446–1451
Mvumbi L, Manci EA, Ulmer D, Shah AK (1996) Glycogen levels in human term placental disks, umbilical cords, and membranes. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 16:597–605
Myatt L, Eis ALW, Brockman DE, Greer IA, Lyall F (1997) Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in placental villous tissue from normal, pre-eclamptic and intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies. Hum Reprod (Oxf) 12:167–172
Myers RE, Fujikura T (1968) Placental changes after experimental abruptio placentae and fetal vessel ligation of rhesus monkey placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100:846–851
Nadji P, Sommers SC (1973) Lesions of toxemia in first trimester pregnancies. Am J Clin Pathol 59:344–349
Naeye RL (1977) Placental infarction leading to fetal or neonatal death. A prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 50:583–588
Naeye RL (1978) Relationship of cigarette smoking to congenital anomalies and perinatal death: a prospective study. Am J Pathol 90:289–294
Naeye RL, Blanc W, Leblanc W, Khatamee MA (1973) Fetal complications of maternal heroin addiction: abnormal growth, infections, and episodes of stress. J Pediatr 83:1055–1061
Naeye RL, Harkness WL, Utts J (1977) Abruptio placentae and perinatal death: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:740–746
Nagey DA, Fortier KJ, Linder J (1983) Pregnancy complicated by periarteritis nodosa: induced abortion as an alternative. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:103–105
Nelson JL (1998) Microchimerism and autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 338:1224–1225
Nelson JM, Furst DE, Maloney S, Gooley T, Evans PC, Smith A, Bean MA, Ober C, Bianchi DW (1998) Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in scleroderma. Lancet 351:559–562
Ness RB, Roberts JM (1996) Heterogeneous causes constituting the single syndrome of preeclampsia: a hypothesis and its implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1365–1370
Ness PM, Budzynski AZ, Olexa SA, Rodvien R (1983) Congenital hypofibrinogenemia and recurrent placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 61:519–523
Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J (1999) Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 340:333–339
Nicholson HO (1968) Cytotoxic drugs in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 75:307–312
Nielsen FH, Jacobsen BB, Rolschau J (1973) Pregnancy complicated by extreme hyperlipaemia and foam-cell accumulation in placenta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 52:83–89
Nilsson IM, Astedt B, Hedner U, Berezin D (1975) Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant, “Antithromboplastin”. Acta Med Scand 197:153–159
Niswander RK, Gordon M (1972) The women and their pregnancies. Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 43
Nordlund JJ, DeVita VT, Carbone PP (1968) Severe vinblastine-induced leukopenia during late pregnancy with delivery of normal infant. Ann Intern Med 69:581–582
Notelvitz M, Bottoms SF, Dase DF, Leichter PJ (1979) Painless abruptio placentae. Obstet Gynecol 53:270–272
Nummi S, Koivisto M, Hakosalo J (1973) Acute leukaemia in pregnancy with placental involvement. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 62:394–398
Nuñez JAC (1963) La placenta de las cardiacas. Rev Esp Obstet Ginecol 22:129–134
O’Brien WF, Knuppel RA, Saba HI, Angel JL, Benoit R, Bruce A (1987) Platelet inhibitory activity in placentas from normal and abnormal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 70:597–600
O’Brien WF, Knuppel RA, Saba HI, Angel JL, Benoit R, Bruce A (1988) Serum prostacyclin binding and half-life in normal and hypertensive pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 73:43–46
O’Day MP, Nielsen P, Al-Bozom I, Wilkins IA (1994) Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic to the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:1382–1383
O’Leary JA (1968) A continuing study of sarcoidosis and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 101:610–613
Oga M, Matsui N, Anai T, Yoshimatsu J, Inoue I, Miyakawa I (1993) Copper disposition of the fetus and placenta in a patient with untreated Wilson’s disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:196–198
Ohba T, Matsuo I, Katabuchi H, Nishimura H, Fujisaki S, Okamura H (1988) Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 72:445–447
Okudaira Y, Hirota K, Cohen S, Strauss L (1966) Ultrastructure of the human placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus. Lab Invest 15:910–926
Ong PJL, Burton GJ (1991) Thinning of the placental villous membrane during maintenance in hypoxic organ culture: structural adaptation or syncytial degeneration? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 39:103–110
Orr JW, Grizzle WE, Huddleston JF (1982) Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to placenta and ovary. Obstet Gynecol 59:81S–83S
Oshiro BT, Silver RM, Scott JR, Yu H, Branch W (1996) Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 87:489–493
Out HJ, Kooijman CD, Bruinse HW, Derksen RHWM (1991) Histopathological findings in placentae from patients with intrauterine fetal death and anti-phospholipid antibodies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 41:179–186
Out HJ, Bruinse HW, Christiaens GCML, van Vliet M, de Groot PG, Nieuwenhuis HK, Derksen RHWM (1992) A prospective, controlled multicenter study on the obstetric risks of pregnant women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:26–32
Owen J, Hauth JC (1989) Polyarteritis nodosa in pregnancy: a case report and brief literature review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:606–607
Padmanabhan R, Al-Zuhair AGH, Ali AH (1988) Histopathological changes of the placenta in diabetes induced by maternal administration of streptozotocin during pregnancy in the rat. Congenit Anom (Jpn) 28:1–15
Page DV, Brady K, Mitchell J, Pehrson J, Wage G (1988) The pathology of intrauterine thyrotoxicosis: two case reports. Obstet Gynecol 72:479–481
Page DV, Brady K, Ward S (1989) The placental pathology of substance abuse (abstract 410). Mod Pathol 2(1):69A
Page KR, Bush P, Abramovich DR, Aggett PJ, Burke MD, Mayhew TM (1997) Effects of maternal smoking on placental structure and function. In: Battaglia FC (ed) Placental function and fetal nutrition, vol 39, Nestlé nutrition workshop series. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 247–249
Paidas MJ, Berkowitz RL, Lynch L, Lockwood CJ, Lapinski R, McFarland JG, Bussel JB (1995) Alloimmune thrombocytopenia: fetal and neonatal losses related to cordocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:475–479
Palmer AE, London WT, Sly DL, Rice JM (1979) Toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). In: Andrews EJ, Ward BC, Altman NH (eds) Spontaneous animal models of human disease, vol I. Academic, New York, pp 213–215
Parker CR, Illingworth DR, Bissonette J, Carr BR (1986) Endocrine changes during pregnancy in a patient with homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. N Engl J Med 314:557–560
Pascoal IF, Lindheimer MD, Nalbantian-Brandt C, Umans JG (1998) Preeclampsia selectively impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation and leads to oscillatory activity in small omental arteries. J Clin Invest 101:464–470
Pauer H-U, Neesen J, Hinney B (1998) Factor V Leiden and its relevance in patients with recurrent abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:629
Pavelka M, Pavelka R, Gerstner G (1979) Ultrastructure of the syncytiotrophoblast of the human term placenta in EPH-gestosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 10:177–185
Payne R (1964) Neonatal neutropenia and leukoagglutinins. Pediatrics 33:194–204
Payne SD, Resnik R, Moore TR, Hedriana HL, Kelly TF (1997) Maternal characteristics and risk of severe neonatal thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage in pregnancies complicated by autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:149–155
Peaceman AM, Rehnberg KA (1993) The effect of immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with lupus anticoagulant on placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:1403–1406
Peaceman AM, Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Socol ML (1992) Interlaboratory variation in antiphospholipid antibody testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:1780–1787
Pearce JM, McParland P (1988) Doppler uteroplacental waveforms. Lancet I:1287–1288
Penn I, Makowski EL, Harris P (1980) Parenthood following renal and hepatic transplantation. Transplantation 30:397–400
Pestelek B, Kapor M (1963) Pheochromocytoma and abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 85:538–540
Pijnenborg R, Anthony J, Davari DA, Rees A, Tiltman A, Vercruysse L, van Assche A (1991) Placental bed spiral arteries in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 98:648–655
Pijnenborg R, Luyten C, Vercruysse L, van Assche FA (1996) Attachment and differentiation in vitro of trophoblast from normal and preeclamptic human placentas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:30–36
Pijnenborg R, Brosens I, Romero R (eds) (2010) Placental bed disorders. Cambridge University Press, New York
Pinette MG, Loftus-Brault K, Nardi DA, Rodis JF (1989) Maternal smoking and accelerated placental maturation. Obstet Gynecol 73:379–382
Pitkin RM, Plank CJ, Filer LJ (1971) Fetal and placental composition in experimental maternal diabetes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:163–166
Pittard WB III, Schleich DM, Geddes KM, Sorensen RU (1989) Newborn lymphocyte subpopulations: the influence of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:151–154
Platt HS (1971) Effect of maternal sickle cell trait on perinatal mortality. Br Med J 2:334–338
Pober JS (1988) Cytokine-mediated activation of vascular endothelium. Physiology and pathology. Am J Pathol 133:426–433
Pollack MS, Kirkpatrick D, Kapoor N, Dupont B, O’Reilly RJ (1982) The identification by HLA typing of intrauterine-derived maternal T cells in four patients with severe immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 307:662–666
Pollack RN, Pollack M, Rochon L (1993) Pregnancy complicated by medulloblastoma with metastases to the placenta. Obstet Gynecol 81:858–859
Polzin WJ, Kopelman JN, Robinson RD, Read JA, Brady K (1991) The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 78:1108–1111
Porter KB, Diebel D, Jazayeri A (1997) Niemann-Pick disease type B in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 89:860
Potau N, Riudor E, Ballabriga A (1981) Insulin receptors in human placenta in relation to fetal weight and gestational age. Pediatr Res 15:798–802
Potter JF, Schoeneman M (1970) Metastasis of maternal cancer to the placenta and fetus. Cancer (Phila) 25:380–388
Prentice RL, Gatenby PA, Loblay RH, Shearman RP, Kronenberg H, Basten A (1984) Lupus anticoagulant in pregnancy. Lancet 2:464
Preston FE, Rosendaal FR, Walker ID, Briet E, Berntorp E, Conard J, Fontcuberta J, Makris M, Mariani G, Noteboom W, Pabinger I, Legnani C, Scharrer I, Schulman S, van der Meer FJM (1996) Increased fetal loss in women with heritable thrombophilia. Lancet 348:913–916
Priesel A, Winkelbauer A (1926) Placentare Übertragung des Lymphogranuloms. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 262:749–765
Pritchard JA, Scott DE, Whalley PJ, Haling RF (1970) Infants of mothers with megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency. JAMA 211:1982–1984
Pritchard MH, Jessop JD, Trenchard PM, Whiltaker JA (1978) Systemic lupus erythematosus, repeated abortions, and thrombocytopenia. Ann Rheum Dis 37:476–478
Provost TT, Watson R, Gammon WR, Radowsky M, Harley JB, Reichlin M (1987) The neonatal lupus syndrome associated with U1RNP (nRNP) antibodies. N Engl J Med 316:1135–1138
Pulitzer DR, Collins PC, Gold RG (1985) Embryonic implantation in carcinoma of the endometrium. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:1089–1092
Ramahi AJ, Lewkow LM, Dombrowski MP, Bottoms SF (1988) Sickle cell E hemoglobinopathy and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 71:493–495
Rand JH, Wu XX, Andree HAM, Lockwood CJ, Guller S, Scher J, Harpel PC (1997) Pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome – a possible thrombogenic mechanism. N Engl J Med 337:154–160
Rauramo I, Forss M (1988) Effect of exercise on placental blood flow in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, diabetes or intrahepatic cholestasis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67:15–20
Raymond EG, Mills JL (1993) Placental abruption. Maternal risk factors and associated fetal conditions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72:633–639
Read EJ, Platzer PB (1981) Placental metastasis from maternal carcinoma of the lung. Obstet Gynecol 58:387–391
Redman CWG, Jefferies M (1988) Revised definition of pre-eclampsia. Lancet I:809–812
Redman CWG, Bodmer JG, Bodmer WF, Beilin LJ, Bonnar J (1978) HLA antigens in severe pre-eclampsia. Lancet II:397–399
Redman CWG, Sacks GP, Sargent IL (1999) Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:499–506
Reece EA, Romero R, Clyne LP, Kriz NS, Hobbins JC (1984) Lupus-like anticoagulant in pregnancy. Lancet I:344–345
Reece EA, Gabrielli S, Cullen MT, Zheng X-Z, Hobbins JC, Harris EN (1990) Recurrent adverse pregnancy outcome and antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:162–169
Rees DC, Cox M, Clegg JB (1995) World distribution of factor V Leiden. Lancet 346:1133–1134
Reid TMS (1998) Striking a balance in maternal immune response to infection. Lancet 351:1670–1672
Reiss RE, Kuwabara T, Smith ML, Gahl WA (1988) Successful pregnancy despite placental cystine crystals in a woman with nephropathic cystinosis. N Engl J Med 319:223–226
Reshetnikova OS, Burton GJ, Teleshova OV (1995) Placental histomorphometry and morphometric diffusing capacity of the villous membrane in pregnancies complicated by maternal iron-deficiency anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:724–727
Reshetnikova OS, Burton GJ, Milovanov AP (1996) Increased incidence of placental chorioangioma in high-altitude pregnancies: hypobaric hypoxia as a possible etiological factor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:557–561
Retik AB, Sabesin SM, Hume R, Malmgren RA, Ketcham AS (1962) The experimental transmission of malignant melanoma cells through the placenta. Surg Gynecol Obstet 114:485–489
Rewell RE, Whitehouse WL (1966) Malignant metastasis to the placenta from carcinoma of the breast. J Pathol Bacteriol 91:255–256
Reynolds AG (1955) Placental metastasis from malignant melanoma: report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 6:205–209
Rice JP, Kay HH, Mahony BS (1989) The clinical significance of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:1212–1216
Richards DS, Wagman AJ, Cabaniss ML (1990) Ascites not due to congestive heart failure in a fetus with lupus-induced heart block. Obstet Gynecol 76:957–959
Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Lindpaintner K, Hennekens CH (1995) Factor V Leiden and risks of recurrent idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Circulation 92:2800–2802
Rigby PG, Hanson TA, Smith RS (1964) Passage of leukemic cells across the placenta. N Engl J Med 271:124–127
Rizzo G, Arduini D, Capponi A, Romanini C (1995) Cardiac and venous blood flow in fetuses of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers: evidence of abnormal hemodynamics in early gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1775–1781
Robb SA, Hytten FE (1976) Placental glycogen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:43–53
Robbins PG, Gorbach AG, Reid DE (1967) Neurologic abnormalities at one year in infants delivered after late-pregnancy hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 29:358–361
Roberts JM (1989) Classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Lancet II:112
Roberts JM (1997) Pregnancy-related hypertension. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R (eds) Maternal-fetal medicine. Principles and practice. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 833–872
Robertson WB, Brosens I, Dixon HG (1967) The pathological response of the vessels of the placental bed to hypertensive pregnancy. J Pathol Bacteriol 93:581–592
Robertson WB, Khong TY, Brosens I, DeWolff F, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J (1986) The placental bed biopsy: review from three European centers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:401–412
Robillard P-Y, Hulsey TC, Périanin J, Janky E, Miri EH, Papiernik E (1994) Association of pregnancy-induced hypertension with duration of sexual cohabitation before conception. Lancet 344: 973–975
Robinson M (1958) Salt in pregnancy. Lancet 1:178–181
Rodriguez SU, Leikin SL, Hiller MC (1964) Neonatal thrombocytopenia associated with ante-partum administration of thiazide drugs. N Engl J Med 270:881–884
Roe DA, Little BB, Bawdon RE, Gilstrap LC (1990) Metabolism of cocaine by human placentas: implications for fetal exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:715–718
Roffman BY, Simons M (1969) Syncytial trophoblastic embolism associated with placenta increta and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 104:1218–1220
Rosenberg AM, Bingham MC, Fong KC (1986) Antinuclear antibodies during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 68:560–562
Rosenfeld CR (1988) Preeclampsia: a review of the role of prostaglandins. Obstet Gynecol 72:284–285
Rosenow EC, Lee RA (1968) Cystic fibrosis and pregnancy. JAMA 203:227–230
Rosner F, Soong BC, Krim M, Miller SP (1968) Normal pregnancy in a patient with multiple myeloma. Obstet Gynecol 31:811–820
Rosove MH, Tabsh K, Wasserstrum N, Howard P, Hahn BH, Kalunian KC (1990) Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 75: 630–634
Rote NS, Caudle MR (1983) Circulating immune complexes in pregnancy, preeclampsia, and autoimmune diseases: evaluation of Raji cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polyethylene glycol precipitation methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:267–273
Rote NS, Vogt E, Awaloei H (1998) Antiphospholipid antibodies and preterm birth. Prenat Neonat Med 3:68–71
Rothman LA, Cohen CJ, Astarloa J (1973) Placental and fetal involvement by maternal malignancy: a report of rectal carcinoma and review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:1023–1034
Rouget JP, Goudemand J, Montreuil G, Cosson A, Jaillard J (1982) Lupus anticoagulant: a familial observation. Lancet II:105
Rubin DH, Krasilikoff PA, Leventhal JM, Weile B, Berget A (1986) Effect of passive smoking on birth-weight. Lancet 2:415–417
Rushton DI (1984) Trophoblast cells in peripheral blood. Lancet 2:1153–1154
Salafia CM, Silberman L (1989) Placental pathology and abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in gestational diabetes. Pediatr Pathol 9:513–520
Salafia CM, Pezzulo JC, López-Zeno JA, Simmens S, Minior VK, Vintzileos AM (1995) Placental pathologic features of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1097–1105
Salamon MA, Sherer DM, Saller DN, Metlay LA, Sickel JZ (1994) Placental metastases in a patient with recurrent breast carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:573–574
Samaan NA, Gallagher HS, McRoberts WA, Holt B (1974) Differential evaluation of the fetoplacental unit in patients with diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 120:825–832
Sanerkin NG, Evans DMD (1965) Bilateral renal cortical necrosis in infants, associated with maternal antepartum haemorrhage. J Pathol Bacteriol 90:269–274
Sanyal MK, Li Y-L, Biggers W, Satish J, Barnea ER (1993) Augmentation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism of human placental tissues of first-trimester pregnancy by cigarette smoke exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1587–1597
Sasseville D, Wilkinson RD, Schnader JY (1981) Dermatoses of pregnancy. Int J Dermatol 20:223–241
Schaffner T, Taylor K, Bartucci EJ, Fischer-Dzoga K, Beeson JH, Glasgo S, Wissler RW (1980) Arterial foam cells with distinctive immunomorphologic and histochemical features of macrophages. Am J Pathol 100:57–80
Schenker JG, Polishuk WZ (1968) Idiopathic thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Gynaecologia 165:271–283
Schenker JG, Segal S, Polishuk WZ (1972) Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Harefuah 82:1–4
Schiff E, Peleg E, Goldenberg M, Rosenthal T, Ruppin E, Tamarkin M, Barkal G, Ben-Baruch G, Yahal I, Blankstein J, Goldman B, Mashiach S (1989) The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxane A2 to prostacyclin in relatively high risk pregnancies. N Engl J Med 321:351–356
Schmidt BK, Muraji T, Zipursky A (1986) Low antithrombin III in neonatal shock: DIC or non-specific protein depletion? Eur J Pediatr 145:500–503
Schmorl G (1893) Pathologisch-Anatomische Untersuchungen über Puerperale Eklampsie. F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig
Schneider CL (1951) “Fibrin embolism” (disseminated intravascular coagulation) with defibrination as one of the end results during placenta abruptio. Surg Gynecol Obstet 92:27–34
Schneider CL (1953) Abruptio placentae after fetal death in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1:321–326
Schuhmann R, Geier G (1972) Histomorphologische Placentabefunde bei EPH-Gestose. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der insuffizienten Placenta. Arch Gynakol 213:31–47
Schuhmann R, Lehmann WD (1973) Beziehungen zwischen Placentamorphologie und biochemischen Befunden bei EPH-Gestose und Diabetes mellitus. Dehydroandrosteronbe-lastungstest, in vitro Umwandlungsrate von 4–14C-Dehydroepiandrosteron in Oestrogene, Oestrogenausscheidung im 24 Std-Urin. Arch Gynakol 215:72–84
Schultze PM, Stamm CA, Roger J (1998) Placental abruption and fetal death with airbag deployment in a motor vehicle accident. Obstet Gynecol 92:719
Scott JS (1966) Immunological diseases and pregnancy. Br Med J 1:1559–1568
Scott JR, Beer AA (1976) Immunologic aspects of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:418–427
Scott JS, Jenkins DM (1976) Review article. Immunogenetic factors in aetiology of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (gestosis). J Med Genet 13:200–207
Scott JS, Jenkins DM, Need JA (1978) Immunology of pre-eclampsia. Lancet I:704–706
Scott JR, Branch DW, Kochenour NK, Ward K (1988) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by antiphospholipid antibodies and Rh immunization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1055–1056
Scully RE, Galdabini JJ, McNeely BU (1976) Cabot case #37–1976. N Engl J Med 295:608–614
Seip M (1960) Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy with haemolytic anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia in the mother and her newborn infant. Arch Dis Child 35:364–366
Shafrir E, Barash V (1991) Placental glycogen metabolism in diabetic pregnancy. Isr J Med Sci 27:449–461
Shanklin DR (1959) The human placenta with especial reference to infarction and toxemia. Obstet Gynecol 13:325–336
Shanklin DR (1976) Clinicopathologic correlates in placentas from women with sickle cell disease (abstract PPC-15). Am J Pathol 82:5a
Shanklin DR, Sibai BM (1989) Ultrastructural aspects of preeclampsia. I. Placental bed and uterine boundary vessels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:735–741
Sharon R, Amar A (1981) Maternal anti-HLA antibodies and neonatal thrombocytopenia. Lancet 1:1313
Shaw EB, Rees EL (1980) Fetal damage due to aminopterin ingestion: follow-up at 171/2 years of age. Am J Dis Child 134:1172
Sheridan-Pereira M, Porreco R, Hays T, Burke MS (1988) Neonatal aortic thrombosis associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Obstet Gynecol 71:1016–1018
Shiono PH, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP, Cotch MF, Wilkins DG, Rollins DE, Carey JC, Behrman RE (1995) The impact of cocaine and marijuana use on low birth weight and preterm birth: a multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:19–27
Sholl JS (1987) Abruptio placentae: clinical management in nonacute cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:40–51
Siegel P (1962) Beziehungen zwischen eklamptischen Placentarveränderungen und intrauterinem Fruchttod. Fortschr Med 80:75–82
Silver MM (1988) Massive placental infarction due to the lupus anticoagulant (abstract 508). Mod Pathol 1:85A
Silver MM, Laxer RM, Laskin CA, Smallhorn JF, Gare DJ (1992a) Association of fetal heart block and massive placental infarction due to maternal autoantibodies. Pediatr Pathol 12:131–139
Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Pasternak JF, Neely SE (1992b) Fetal stroke associated with elevated maternal anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 80:497–499
Silver RM, Pierangeli SS, Edwin SS, Umar F, Harris EN, Scott JR, Branch DW (1997a) Pathogenic antibodies in women with obstetric features of antiphospholipid syndrome who have negative test results for lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:628–633
Silver RM, Smith LA, Edwin SS, Oshiro BT, Scott JR, Branch DW (1997b) Variable effects on murine pregnancy of immunoglobulin G fraction from women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:229–233
Silverstein MN, Aaro LA, Kempers RD (1966) Evans’ syndrome and pregnancy. Am J Med Sci 252:206–211
Singer DB (1984) The placenta in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 8:199–212
Sironi M, Declich P, Isimbaldi G, Monguzzi A, Poggi G (1994) Placental teratoma with three-germ layer differentiation. Teratology 50:165–167
Slate WG, Graham AR (1968) Scleroderma and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 101:335–341
Sletnes KE, Wisloff F, Moe N, Dale PO (1992) Antiphospholipid antibodies in pre-eclamptic women: relation to growth retardation and neonatal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 71:112–117
Slukvin II, Boyson JE, Watkins DI, Golos TG (1998) The rhesus monkey analogue of human lymphocyte antigen-G is expressed primarily in villous syncytiotrophoblasts. Biol Reprod 58:728–738
Smith ML, Clark KF, Davis SE, Greene AA, Marcusson EG, Chen Y-J, Schneider JA (1989) Diagnosis of cystinosis with use of placenta. N Engl J Med 321:397
Smith JA, Espeland M, Bellevue R, Bonds D, Brown AK, Koshy M (1996) Pregnancy in sickle cell disease: experience of the cooperative study of sickle cell disease. Obstet Gynecol 87:199–204
Smythe AR, Underwood PB, Kreutner A (1976) Metastatic placental tumors: report of three cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:1149–1151
Sokol RJ, Hutchison P, Cowan D, Reed GB (1976) Amelanotic melanoma metastatic to the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:431–432
Sokol RJ, Miller SI, Reed G (1980) Alcohol abuse during pregnancy: an epidemiologic study: alcoholism. Clin Exp Res 4:135–145
Soma H, Yoshida K, Mukaida T, Tabuchi Y (1982) Morphologic changes in the hypertensive placenta. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 9:58–75
Sophian J (1964) Antibodies to trophoblast post partum and toxemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 88:280–281
Sorensen PG, Mickley H, Diederichsen H, Grunnert N (1982) Maternal antibodies and neonatal thrombocytopenia. Lancet 1:452
Soyannwo MAO, Armstrong MJ, McGeown MG (1966) Survival of the foetus in a patient in acute renal failure. Lancet 2:1009–1011
Spellacy WN (1964) Scleroderma and pregnancy: report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 23:297–300
Sprauve ME, Lindsay MK, Herbert S, Graves W (1997) Adverse perinatal outcome in parturients who use crack cocaine. Obstet Gynecol 89:674–678
Sridama V, Yang SL, Moawad A, de Groot LJ (1983) T-cell subsets in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147:566–569
Stark J, Kaufmann P (1974) Infarktgenese in der Placenta. Arch Gynakol 217:189–208
Steigrad K (1952) Über die Beziehung von Plazentarinfarkten zur Schwangerschafts-Nephropathie. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Pathologie der Plazenta. Gynaecologia 134:273–322
Steinke J, Driscoll SG (1965) The extractable insulin content of pancreas from fetuses and infants of diabetic and control mothers. Diabetes 14:573–578
Stephenson HE, Terry CW, Lukens JN, Shively JA, Busby WE, Stoeckle HE, Esterly JA (1971) Immunologic factors in human melanoma “metastatic” to products of gestation (with exchange transfusion to mother). Surgery (St Louis) 69:515–522
Stormorken H, Gjemdal T, Njoro K (1988) Lupus anticoagulant: a unique case with lupus anticoagulant and habitual abortion together with antifactor II antibody and bleeding tendency. Gynecol Obstet Invest 26:83–88
Streiff RR, Little AB (1967) Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 276:776–779
Stuart MJ, Clark DA, Sunderji SG, Allen JB, Yambo T, Elrad H, Slott JH (1981) Decreased prostacyclin production: a characteristic of chronic placental insufficiency syndromes. Lancet 1:1126–1128
Susa JB, Neave C, Sehgal P, Singer DB, Zeller WP, Schwartz R (1984) Chronic hyperinsulinemia in the fetal rhesus monkey. Effects of physiologic hyperinsulinemia on fetal growth and composition. Diabetes 33:656–660
Sweeney WJ, Katz VL (1994) Recurrent pheochromocytoma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 83:820–822
Tatum HJ (1953) Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2:447–453
Teasdale F (1981) Histomorphometry of human placenta of the diabetic woman: class A diabetes mellitus. Placenta 2:241–252
Teasdale F (1983) Histomorphometry of the human placenta in class B diabetes mellitus. Placenta 4:1–12
Teasdale F (1984) Histomorphometry of the human placenta in class C diabetes mellitus. Placenta 5:69–86
Teasdale F (1985) Histomorphometry of the human placenta in maternal preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:25–31
Teasdale F, Ghislaine J-J (1989) Morphological changes in the placentas of smoking mothers: a histomorphometric study. Biol Neonate 55:251–259
Tedeschi LG, Tedeschi CG (1963) Experimental trophoblastic embolism and hyperplasminemia. Arch Pathol 76:387–397
Tenney B, Parker F (1940) The placenta in toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 39:1000–1005
Thiagarajan P, Pengo V, Shapiro SF (1986) The use of the dilute viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants. Blood 68:869–874
Thomas K, de Gasparo M, Hoet JJ (1967) Insulin levels in the umbilical vein and in the umbilical artery of newborns of normal and gestational diabetic mothers. Diabetes 3:299–304
Thomsen K, Lieschke G (1958) Untersuchungen zur Placentamorphologie bei Diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 29:602–614
Thornton JP, Onwoude JL (1991) Pre-eclampsia: discordance among identical twins. Br Med J 303:1241–1242
Thornton JG, Sampson J (1990) Genetics of pre-eclampsia. Lancet 336:1319–1320
Thornton YS, Birnbaum SJ, Lebowitz N (1987) A viable pregnancy in a patient with myositis ossificans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:577–578
Thorp JA, Walsh SW, Brath PC (1988) Low-dose aspirin inhibits thromboxane, but not prostacyclin, production by human placental arteries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1381–1384
Toder V, Blank M, Gleicher N, Voljovich I, Mashiah S, Nebel L (1983) Activity of natural killer cells in normal pregnancy and edema-proteinuria-hypertension gestosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145:7–10
Tominaga T, Page EW (1966) Accommodation of the human placenta to hypoxia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 84:679–691
Torpin R, Swain B (1966) Placental infarction in 1,000 cases correlated with the clinical findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94:284–285
Trauscht-Van Horn J, Capeless E, Bovill EG, Easterling TR, Hermanson B (1992) Pregnancy loss and thrombosis with protein C deficiency in pregnancy (abstract 114). Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:311
Triplett DA (1989) Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 20:52–67
Triplett DA (1993) Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis. A consequence, coincidence, or cause? Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:78–88
Triplett DA, Brandt JT, Maas RL (1985) The laboratory heterogeneity of lupus anticoagulant. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:946–951
Trudinger BJ, Stewart GJ, Cook CM, Connelly A, Exner T (1988) Monitoring lupus anticoagulant-positive pregnancies with umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms. Obstet Gynecol 72:215–218
Tsujimura T, Matsumoto K, Aozasa K (1993) Placental involvement by maternal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:325–327
Unander AM, Norberg R, Hahn L, Årfors L (1987) Anticardiolipin antibodies and complement in ninety-nine women with habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:114–119
Uzan S, Beaufils M, Breart G, Bazin B, Capitant C, Paris J (1991) Prevention of fetal growth retardation with low-dose aspirin: findings of the EPREDA trial. Lancet 337:1427–1431
van Beek E, Peeters LLH (1998) Pathogenesis of preeclampsia: a comprehensive model. Obstet Gynecol Surv 53:233–239
Vasquez-Escobosa C, Perez-Medina R, Gomez-Estrada H (1982) Circulating immune complexes in hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 62:45–48
Vassalli P, Morris RH, McCluskey RT (1963) The pathogenic role of fibrin deposition in the glomerular lesions of toxemia of pregnancy. J Exp Med 118:467–478
Vintzileos AM, Campbell WA, Nochimson DJ, Weinbaum PJ (1987) Preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a risk factor for the development of abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1235–1238
Viscarello RR, de Gennaro NJ, Reece EA (1993) The fetus of the diabetic mother. In: Lin CC, Verp MS, Sabbagha RE (eds) The high-risk fetus. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. Springer, New York, pp 396–427
Vogel M (1967) Plakopathia diabetica. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 343:51–63
Vogel JJ, de Moerloose PA, Bounameaux H (1989) Protein C deficiency and pregnancy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 73:455–456
Voigt LF, Hollenbach KA, Krohn MA, Daling JR, Hickok DE (1990) The relationship of abruptio placentae with maternal smoking and small for gestational age infants. Obstet Gynecol 75:771–774
Vulsma T, Gons MH, de Vijlder JJM (1989) Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med 321:13–16
Waddington HK (1957) Fetal salvage in abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 73:812–816
Wagner D (1968) Trophoblastic cells in the blood stream in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Acta Cytol 12:137–139
Wagner D, Schunck R, Isebarth H (1964) Der Nachweis von Trophoblastzellen im strömenden Blut der Frau bei normaler und gestörterGravidität. Gynaecologia 158:175–192
Walker M, Garner P, Keely E, Rock G (1997) Changes in activated protein C resistance during pregnancy (SPO abstract S189 #670). Am J Obstet Gyne176:189
Wallenburg HCS (1969) Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Spätgestose und Placentarinfarkt. Arch Gynakol 208:80–90
Wallenburg HCS, Stolte LAM, Janssens J (1973a) The pathogenesis of placental infarction. I. A morphologic study in the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:835–840
Wallenburg HCS, Hutchinson DL, Schuler HM, Stolte LAM, Janssens J (1973b) The pathogenesis of placental infarction. II. An experimental study in the rhesus monkey placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116:841–846
Walsh SW (1985) Preeclampsia: an imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:335–340
Walsh SW, Behr MJ, Allen NH (1985) Placental prostacyclin production in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:110–115
Wapner RJ, Cowchock FS, Shapiro SS (1989) Successful treatment in two women with antiphospholipid antibodies and refractory pregnancy losses with intravenous immunoglobulin infusions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1271–1272
Warrell DW, Taylor R (1968) Outcome for the foetus of mothers receiving prednisolone during pregnancy. Lancet I:117–118
Warren RJ, Rimoin DL, Sly WS (1970) LSD exposure in utero. Pediatrics 45:466–469
Watanabe T, Minakami H, Sakata Y (1997) Successful management of pregnancy in a patient with von Willebrand disease Normandy. Obstet Gynecol 89:859
Watov SE, de Sandre R (1964) Gaucher’s disease and pregnancy: report of one case involving four pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 23:247–250
Watson WJ, Fiegen MM (1995) Fetal thyrotoxicosis associated with nonimmune hydrops. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:1039–1040
Wax JR, Eggleston MK, Teague KE (1997) Pregnancy complicated by multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA (Sipple’s syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:461–462
Weathers WT, Crane MM, Sauvain KJ, Blackhurst DW (1993) Cocaine use in women from a defined population: prevalence at delivery and effects on growth in infants. Pediatrics 91:350–354
Weiner C, Keller S (1986) Preeclampsia is not associated with excess fetal clotting. Obstet Gynecol 68:871–872
Weir PE (1981) Immunofluorescent studies of the uteroplacental arteries in normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88:301–307
Wells M, Bulmer JN (1988) The human placental bed: histology, immunohistochemistry and pathology. Histopathology 13:483–498
Wen SW, Goldenberg RL, Cutter GR, Hoffman HJ, Cliver SP, Davis RO, DuBard MB (1990) Smoking, maternal age, fetal growth, and gestational age at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:53–58
Wentworth P (1967) Placental infarction and toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 99:318–326
Werler MM (1997) Teratogen update: smoking and reproductive outcomes. Teratology 55:382–388
Whalley PJ, Pritchard JA, Richards JR (1963) Sickle cell trait and pregnancy. JAMA 186:1132–1135
White P (1978) Classification of obstetric diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:228–230
White BM, Beischer NA (1990) Perinatal mortality in the infants of diabetic women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 30:323–326
Widmaier G (1970) Zur Ultrastruktur menschlicher Placentazotten beim Diabetes mellitus. Arch Gynakol 208:396–409
Wieland RG, Shaffer MB, Glove RP (1971) Cushing’s syndrome complicating pregnancy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 38:841–843
Wielenga G, Willighagen RGJ (1966) Histochemical investigation of ischemic villi in the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96:956–968
Wiener-Megnagi Z, Ben-Shlomo I, Goldberg Y, Shalev E (1998) Resistance to activated protein C and the Leiden mutation: high prevalence in patients with abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:1565–1567
Willems J (1977) The etiology of preeclampsia. A hypothesis. Obstet Gynecol 50:495–499
Wingerd J, Christianson R, Lovitt WV, Schoen EJ (1976) Placental ratio in white and black women: relation to smoking and anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:671–675
Winick M, Noble A (1967) Cellular growth in human placenta. II. Diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 71:216–219
Winn HN, Setaro JF, Mazor M, Reece EA, Black HR, Hobbins JC (1988) Severe Takayasu’s arteritis in pregnancy: the role of central hemodynamic monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159:1135–1136
Winston HG, Mastroianni L (1953) Sickle cell disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2:73–77
Wisot AL (1969) Silent abruptio placentae with marked hypofibrinogenemia. JAMA 207:557–558
Wladimiroff JW, Barentsen R, Wallenburg HCS, Drogendijk AC (1975) Fetal urine production in a case of diabetes associated with polyhydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 46:100–102
Wolf H, Sˇabata V, Frerichs H, Stubbe P (1969) Evidence for the impermeability of the human placenta for insulin. Horm Metab Res 1:274–275
Woods JR, Plessinger MA, Clark KE (1987) Effect of cocaine on uterine blood flow and fetal oxygenation. JAMA 257:857–961
Wurzel JM (1979) TTP lesions in placenta but not fetus. N Engl J Med 301:503–504
Wynn RM (1977) The placenta in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Annu 6:191–196
Xu L, Chang V, Murphy A, Rock JA, Damewood M, Schlaff W, Zacur HA (1990) Antinuclear antibodies in sera of patients with recurrent pregnancy wastage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1493–1497, For discussion see Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166:1021–1022, 1992
Ylikorkala O, Mäkilä U-M (1985) Prostacyclin and thromboxane in gynecology and obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152:318–329
Yoon BH, Lee CM, Kim SW (1994) An abnormal umbilical artery waveform: a strong and independent predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:713–721
Zacks S, Blazar AS (1963) Chorionic villi in normal pregnancy, pre-eclamptic toxemia, erythroblastosis, and diabetes mellitus. A light- and electron-microscope study. Obstet Gynecol 22:149–167
Zeek PM, Assali NS (1950) Vascular changes in the decidua associated with eclamptogenic toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Clin Pathol 20:1099–1109
Zhou Y, Chiu K, Brescia RJ, Combs CA, Katz MA, Kitzmiller JL, Heilbron DC, Fisher SJ (1993) Increased depth of trophoblast invasion after chronic constriction of the lower aorta in rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:224–229
Zhou Y, Fisher SJ, Janatpour M, Genbacev O, Dejana E, Wheelock M, Damsky CH (1997) Human cytotrophoblasts adopt a vascular phenotype as they differentiate. A strategy for successful endovascular invasion? J Clin Invest 99:2139–2151
Zipursky A, Brown E, Christensen H, Sutherland R, Doyle J (1997) Leukemia and/or myeloproliferative syndrome in neonates with Down syndrome. Semin Perinatol 21:97–101
Zugaib M, de Barros ACSD, Bittar RE, Burdmann EA, Neme B (1985) Abruptio placentae following snake bite. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:754–755
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Benirschke, K., Burton, G.J., Baergen, R.N. (2012). Maternal Diseases Complicating Pregnancy: Diabetes, Tumors, Preeclampsia, Lupus Anticoagulant. In: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23940-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23941-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)