Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Crystallography of Minerals of the Kaolin Group

  • Chapter
Soil Components

Abstract

Probably the most ubiquitous silicate minerals in soils throughout the world are the layer silicates known as the kaolin minerals. The group includes the dioctahedral minerals kaolinite, halloysite, dickite, and nacrite, and the trioctahedral minerals chrysotile, antigorite, chamosite, and cronstedite. Halloysite and disordered forms of kaolinite seem to be the only members of the group formed in soils. The other minerals are formed hydrothermally or by regional metamorphism. They occur in soils, or could occur theoretically if they have not yet been found, as residual minerals inherited from hydrothermally or metamorphically formed deposits upon which soils have formed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexiades, C. A., and M. L. Jackson, 1966. Quantitative clay mineralogical analysis of soils and sediments. Clays Clay Min. Proc. 14th Nat. Conf. 26:35–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aruja, E., 1945. An X-ray study of the crystal-structure of antigorite. Mineral. Mag. 27:65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, S. W., 1963. Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals. Am. Mineral. 48:1196–1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1966. The status of clay mineral structures. Clays Clay Min. Proc. 14th Nat. Conf. 26:1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, T. F., 1959. Morphology and crystal chemistry of 1:1 layer lattice silicates. Am. Mineral. 44:78–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, F. A. Hildebrand, and A. Swineford, 1950. Morphology and structure of endellite and halloysite. Am. Mineral. 35:463–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brindley, G. W., 1949. Mineralogy and crystal structure of chamosite. Nature 164:319–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1951. The crystal structure of some chamosite minerals. Mineral. Mag. 29:502–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1961. Kaolin, serpentine, and kindred minerals. In The X-Ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals. London: Mineralogy Society, ch. 2, pp. 51–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1966. Ethylene glycol and glycerol complexes of smectites and vermiculites. Clay Min. Bull 6:237–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and K. Hunter, 1955. Thermal reactions of nacrite and the formation of metakaolin, alumina and mullite. Mineral. Mag. 30:574–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and M. Nakahira, 1958. Further consideration of the crystal structure of kaolinite. Mineral Mag. 31:781–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and K. Robinson, 1946a. The structure of kaolinite. Mineral. Mag. 27:242–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and K. Robinson, 1946b. Randomness in the structures of kaolinitic clay minerals. Trans. Faraday Soc. 42B: 198–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brindley, G.W., and K. Robinson, 1947. X-ray study of some kaolinitic fireclays. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 46:49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, and K. Robinson, 1948. The structure of metahalloysite, an example of a random layer lattice. Mineral. Mag. 28:393–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. F. Youell, 1953. Ferrous chamosite and ferric chamosite. Mineral. Mag. 30:57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claringbull, G. F., 1952. Nacrite from Groby Leicestershire. Mineral. Mag. 29:973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drits, V. A., and A. A. Kashaev, 1960. An X-ray study of a single crystal of kaolinite. Kristallografiya 5:224–227 (Eng. trans, pp. 207–210).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frondel, C., 1962. Polytypism in cronstedite. Am. Mineral. 47:781–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gossner, B., 1935. Cronstedite. Strukt. Ber. 3:556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruner, J. W., 1932. The crystal structure of kaolinite. Z. Krist. 83:75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, S. B., 1936. Concerning the crystal structure of kaolinite, A12O3·2SiO2·2H2O, and the composition of anauxite. Z. Krist. 95:247–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1939a. The crystal structure of nacrite, Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O, and the polymorphism of the kaolin minerals. Z. Krist. 100:509–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1939b. Random structures of layer minerals-cronstedite (2FeO·Fe2O3·SiO2·2H2O). Am. Mineral. 24:529–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, G., N. Kitamura, and K. Mihana, 1954. A study by means of single crystal electron diffraction diagrams—the structure of tubular kaolin. Clay Min. Bull. 2:133–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and K. Mihana, 1954. A study of clay minerals by electron diffraction diagrams due to individual crystallites. Acta Cryst. 7:511–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knorring, O. von, G. W. Brindley, and K. Hunter, 1952. Nacrite from Hirvivaara, Northern Karelia, Finland. Mineral. Mag. 29:963–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krstanović, I., and S. Radošević, 1961. Monoclinic kaolinite from Kocevje Mine, Yugoslavia. Am. Mineral. 46:1198–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miers, H. A., From Dick, A., 1888. On kaolinite. Mineral. Mag. 8:15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. H. and S. C. Lyons, 1956. Correlation of paper-coating quality with degree of crystalline perfection of kaolinite. Clays Clay Min., Nat. Acad. Sci.—Nat. Res. Council Pub. 456:35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newnham, R. E., 1961. A refinement of the dickite structure and some remarks on polymorphism in kaolin minerals. Mineral. Mag. 32:683–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and G. W. Brindley, 1956. “The crystal structure of dickite.” Acta Cryst. 9:759–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newnham, R. E., and G. W. Brindley, 1956. “The crystal structure of dickite.” Acta Cryst. 10:88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orcel, J., S. Henin, and S. Caillere, 1949. “Sur Les Silicates Phylliteux des Minerais de fer Oolithiques.” Compt. rend. 229:134–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauling, L., 1930. “The structure of the chlorites.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 16:578–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popov, N. M., and B. B. Zvyagin, 1958. “Use of the 400-kv electronograph to study monocrystals.” Kristallografiya 3:706–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radoslovich, E. W., 1963. “The cell dimensions and symmetry of layer lattice silicates. IV. Interatomic forces.” Am. Mineral. 48:76–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. S., and P. F. Kerr, 1930. “The kaolin minerals.” U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 165E:151–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. V., and H. S. Yoder, 1956. “Experimental and theoretical studies of the mica polymorphs.” Mineral. Mag. 31:209–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smithson, F., and G. Brown, 1957. “Dickite from sandstones in Northern England and North Wales.” Mineral. Mag. 31:381–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souza Santos, P. de., G. W. Brindley, and H. de Souza Santos, 1965. Mineralogical studies of kaolinite —halloysite clays. Part III. A fibrous kaolin mineral from Piedade, Sao Paolo, Brazil. Am. Mineral. 50:619–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, H. de Souza Santos, and G. W. Brindley, 1966. Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays. Part IV. A platy mineral with structural swelling and shrinking characteristics. Am. Mineral. 51:1640–1648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steadman, R., 1964. The structure of trioctahedral kaolin—type silicates. Acta Cryst. 17:924–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and P. M. Nuttall, 1963. Polymorphism in cronstedite. Acta Cryst. 16:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and P. M. Nuttall, 1964. Further polymorphism in cronstedite. Acta Cryst. 17:404–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and R. F. Youell, 1957. Crystallography and thermal transformations of cronstedite. Nature 180:1066–1067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinfink, H., and G. Brunton, 1956. The crystal structure of amesite. Acta Cryst. 9:487–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swindale, L. D., 1957. Some recent advances in clay minerals research. J. New. Zealand Inst. Chem. 21:128–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, Y., 1964. Structure of brittle micas. Clays Clay Min. Proc. 13th Nat. Conf. 25:1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veitch, L. G., and E. W. Radoslovich, 1963. The cell dimensions and symmetry of layer-lattice silicates. III. Octahedral ordering. Am. Mineral. 48:62–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada, K., 1965. Intercalation of water in kaolin minerals. Am. Mineral. 50:924–941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, E. J. W., 1953. The structure of chrysotile. Acta Cryst. 6:747–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1956a. The structure of chrysotile. II. Clinochrysotile. Acta Cryst. 9:855–862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1966. The structure of chrysotile. IV. Parachrysotile. Acta Cryst. 9:865–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1957. The structure of chrysotile. V. Diffuse Reflections and Fiber Texture. Acta Cryst. 10:149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1963. Fine structure within the diffraction maxima from chrysotile. Acta Cryst. 16:486–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and J. Zussman, 1956. The characterization of serpentine minerals by X-ray diffraction. Mineral. Mag. 31:107–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youell, R. F., 1955. Mineralogy and crystal structure of chamosite. Nature 176:560–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and G. W. Brindley, 1957. Serpentines with 6-layer orthohexagonal cells. Am. Mineral. 42:666–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zussman, J., G. W. Brindley, and J. J. Comer, 1957. Electron diffraction studies of serpentine minerals. Am. Mineral. 42:133–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvyagin, B. B., 1960. Electron diffraction determination of the structure of kaolinite. Kristallografiya 5:40–50 (Eng. trans, pp. 32–42).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1967. Electron-Diffraction Analysis of Clay Mineral Structures. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. D. Swindale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    John E. Gieseking (Professor of Soil Chemistry) (Professor of Soil Chemistry)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swindale, L.D. (1975). The Crystallography of Minerals of the Kaolin Group. In: Gieseking, J.E. (eds) Soil Components. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65917-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65917-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65919-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65917-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation