Abstract
Three topics related to Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes will be considered in this chapter: (1) The function of eye movements induced by the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Arc. (2) The pattern of eye movements induced by various parts of the vestibular apparatus. (3) The central pathways which carry activity responsible for these deviations.1
Supported by USPHS Research Grant NS-00294 and USPHS Career Research Development Award 1K3 NB-34, 987.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, E.D.: Discharge from vestibular receptors in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 101, 389–407 (1943).
Allen, G., Fernández, C.: Experimental observations in postural nystagmus. I. Extensive lesions in posterior vermis of the cerebellum. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 51, 2–14 (1960).
Angaut, P., Brodal, A.: The projection of the “vestibulocerebellum” onto the vestibular nuclei in the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 105, 441–479 (1967).
Angelergues, R., deAjuriaguerra, J., Hécaen, H.: Paralysie de la verticalité du regard d’origine vasculaire. Étude anatomoclinique. Rev. neurol. 96, 301–319 (1957).
Aschan, G., Bergstedt, M., Stahle, J.: Nystagmography. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 129, 1–103 (1956a).
Aschan, G., Bergstedt, M., Goldberg, L., Laurell, L.: Positional nystagmus in man during and after alcohol intoxication. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 17, 381–405 (1956b).
Aschan, G.: The pathogenesis of positional nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 159, 90–93 (1960).
Aschan, G., Bergstedt, M., Goldberg, L.: Positional alcohol nystagmus in patients with unilateral and bilateral labyrinthine destructions. Confin. neurol. (Basel) 24, 80–102 (1964a).
Aschan, G., Ekvall, L., Grant, G.: Nystagmus following stimulation in the central vestibular pathways using permanently implanted electrodes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 192, 63–77 (1964b).
Aschoff, J. C., Cohen, B.: Changes in saccadic eye movements produced by cerebellar cortical lesions. Exp. Neurol. 32, 123–133 (1971).
Atkin, A., Bender, M.B.: “Lightning eye movements” (ocular myoclonus). J. neurol. Sci. 1, 2–12 (1964).
Atkin, A., Bender, M.B.: Ocular stabilization during oscillatory head movements. Vestibular system dysfunction and the relation between head and eye velocities. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 19, 559–566 (1968).
Bach-y-Rita, P., Ito, F.: In vivo studies on fast and slow muscle fibers in cat extraocular muscles. J. gen. Physiol. 49, 1177–1198 (1968).
Baker, R.G., Mano, N., Shimazu, H.: Intracellular recording of antidromic responses from abducens motoneurons in the cat. Brain Res. 15, 573–576 (1969a).
Baker, R.G., Mano, N., Shimazu, H.: Postsynaptic potentials in abducens motoneurons induced by vestibular stimulation. Brain Res. 15, 577–580 (1969b).
Baker, R., Precht, W., Llinás, R.: Cerebellar modulatory action on the vestibulo-trochlear pathway in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 16, 364–385 (1972a).
Baker, R., Precht, W., Llinás, R.: Mossy and climbing fiber projections of extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum. Brain Res. 38, 440–445 (1972b).
Baker, R., Precht, W., Berthoz, A.: Synaptic connections to trochlear motoneurons determined by individual vestibular nerve branch stimulation in the cat. Brain Res. 64, 402–406 (1973).
Bárány, R.: Experimentelle Alkohol intoxication. Mschr. Ohrenheilk. 45, 959–962 (1911).
Bárány, R.: Dauernde Veränderung des spontanen Nystagmus bei Veränderung der Kopflage. Mschr. Ohrenheilk. 47, 481–483 (1913).
Bárány, R.: Untersuchungen über die Funktion des Flocculus am Kaninchen. Jb. Psychiat. Neurol. 26, 631–651 (1914).
Bauer, J., Leidler, R.: Über den Einfluß der Ausschaltung verschiedener Hirnabschnitte auf die vestibulären Augenreflexe. Arb. neurol. Inst. Univ. Wien 19, 155–226 (1912).
Bender, M.B., Weinstein, E. A.: Effects of stimulation and lesion of the median longitudinal fasciculus in the monkey. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 52, 106–113 (1944).
Bender, M.B., Weinstein, E.A.: The syndrome of the median longitudinal fasciculus. Proc. Ass. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 28, 414–420 (1950).
Bender, M. B.: Comments on the physiology and pathology of eye movements in the vertical plane. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 130, 456–466 (1960).
Bender, M.B.: The oculomotor decussation. Amer. J. Ophthal. 54, 591–596 (1962).
Bender, M.B.: (Ed.) The oculomotor system. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Bender, M.B., Shanzer, S.: Oculomotor pathways defined by electric stimulation and lesions in the brainstem of monkey. In: The oculomotor system, p. 81–140. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Bender, M.B.: Oscillopsia. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 13, 204–213 (1965).
Bender, M.B., Feldman, M., Atkin, A.: Optic illusions in lesions of the vestibular system. In: Proc. Int. Symposium on Vestibular and Oculomotor Problems. Tokyo: Nippon Hoechst 1965.
Bender, M.B., Feldman, M.: Visual illusions during head movement in lesions of the brain stem. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 17, 354–364 (1967).
Bender, M.B.: Disorders of eye movements. In: Handbook of clinical neurology, p. 574–630. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company 1969.
Benjamins, C.E., Hiuzinga, E.: Untersuchungen über die Funktion des Vestibularapparates bei der Taube. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 217, 105–123 (1927).
Benson, A.J., Bodin, M.A.: Interaction of linear and angular accelerations on vestibular receptors in man. Aerospace Med. 37, 144–154 (1966).
Bergstedt, M.: Studies of positional nystagmus in the human centrifuge. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 165, 1–144 (1961).
Berthoz, A., Baker, R., Precht, W.: Labyrinthine control of interior oblique motoneurons. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 225–241 (1973).
Biemond, A., de Jong, J.M.B.V.: On cervical nystagmus and related disorders. Brain 92, 437–458 (1969).
Bisti, S., Maffei, L., Piccolino, M.: Variations of the visual responses of the superior colliculus in relation to body roll. Science 175, 456–457 (1972).
Bizzi, E., Kalil, R.E., Tagliasco, V.: Eye-head coordination in monkeys: Evidence for centrally patterned organization. Science 173, 452–454 (1971).
Blanks, R.H.I., Curthoys, I.S., Markham, C.H.: Planar relationships of semicircular canals in the cat. Amer. J. Physiol. 223, 55–62 (1972).
Brandt, Th., Dichgans, J.: Circularvektion, optische Pseudocoriolis-Effekte und optokinetischer Nachnystagmus. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung subjektiver und objektiver optokinetischer Nacheffekte. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 184, 42–57 (1972).
Brandt, Th., Dichgans, J., Koenig, E.: Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception. Exp. Brain Res. 16, 476–491 (1973).
Breuer, J.: Über die Funktion der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths. Med. Jahrb. 4, 72–124 (1874).
Breuer, J.: Über die Funktion der Otolithen-Apparate. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 48, 195–306 (1891).
Brodal, A., Pompeiano, O.: The origin of ascending fibres of the medial longitudinal fasciculus from the vestibular nuclei. An experimental study in the cat. Acta morph. neerl.-scand. 1, 306–328 (1957).
Brodal, A., Torvik, A.: Über den Ursprung der sekundären vestibulocerebellaren Fasern bei der Katze. Eine experimentell-anatomische Studie. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 195, 550–567 (1957).
Brodal, A.: The reticular formation of the brainstem. Anatomical aspects and functional correlations. Springfield/Ill.: C.C. Thomas 1958.
Brodal, A., Pompeiano, O., Walberg, F.: The vestibular nuclei and their connections: anatomy and functional correlations. Springfield/Ill.: C.C. Thomas 1962.
Brodal, A.: Anatomical organization and fiber connections of the vestibular nuclei. In: Neurological aspects of auditory and vestibular disorders, p. 107–145. Springfield/Ill. C. C. Thomas 1964a.
Brodal, A.: Anatomical observations on the vestibular nuclei with special reference to their relations to the spinal cord and cerebellum. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 192, 24–51 (1964b).
Brodal, A., Høivik, B.: Site and mode of termination of primary vestibulo-cerebellar fibres in the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 102, 1–21 (1964).
Brodal, A., Pompeiano, O.: (Eds.) Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Prog. Brain Res. Vol. 37. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
Buchanan, A. R.: Nystagmus and eye deviations in guinea pigs with lesions in the brainstem. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 50, 1002–1011 (1940).
Camis, M., Creed, R.S.: The physiology of the vestibular apparatus. London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon) 1930.
Carpenter, M.B., Brittin, G.M., Pines, J.: Isolated lesions of the fastigial nuclei in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 109, 65–90 (1958).
Carpenter, M.B.: Lesions of the fastigial nuclei in the rhesus monkey. Amer. J. Anat. 104, 1–34 (1959).
Carpenter, M.B., Bard, D.S., Alling, F.A.: Anatomical connections between the fastigial nuclei, the labyrinth and the vestibular nuclei in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 111, 1–26 (1959).
Carpenter, M. B.: Fiber projections from the descending and lateral vestibular nuclei in the cat. Amer. J. Anat. 107, 1–22 (1960).
Carpenter, M.B., Alling, F.A., Bard, D.S.: Lesions of the descending vestibular nucleus in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 114, 39–50 (1960).
Carpenter, M.B., McMasters, R.E., Hanna, G.R.: Disturbances of conjugate horizontal eye movements in the monkey. I. Physiological effects and anatomical degeneration resulting from lesions of the abducens nucleus and nerve. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 8, 231–247 (1963).
Carpenter, M.B., McMasters, R.E.: Disturbances of conjugate horizontal eye movements in the monkey. II. Physiological effects and anatomical degeneration resulting from lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 8, 347–368 (1963).
Carpenter, M.B., Strominger, N.L.: Cerebello-oculomotor fibers in the rhesus monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 123, 211–230 (1964).
Carpenter, M.B., Strominger, N.L.: The medial longitudinal fasciculus and disturbances of conjugate horizontal eye movements in the monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 125, 41–66 (1965).
Carpenter, M.B.: Central oculomotor pathways. In: The control of eye movements, p. 67–103. New York: Academic Press 1971.
Carpenter, M.B., Stein, B.M., Peter, P.: Primary vestibulo-cerebellar fibers in the monkey: Distribution of fibers arising from distinctive cell groups of the vestibular ganglia. Amer. J. Anat. 135, 221–250 (1972).
Christoff, N., Anderson, P., Nathanson, M., Bender, M.B.: Problems in anatomic analysis of lesions of the median longitudinal fasciculus. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 2, 293–304 (1960).
Cogan, D.G.: Neurologic significance of lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 39, 37–42 (1948).
Cogan, D.G., Kubik, C.S., Smith, W.L.: Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Report of eight clinical cases with one postmortem study. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 44, 783–796 (1960).
Cohen, B., Suzuki, J.: Eye movements induced by ampullary nerve stimulation. Amer. J. Physiol. 204, 347–351 (1963).
Cohen, B., Suzuki, J., Bender, M.B.: Eye movements from semicircular canal nerve stimulation in the cat. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 73, 153–169 (1964).
Cohen, B., Suzuki, J., Bender, M.B.: Nystagmus induced by electric stimulation of ampullary nerves. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 60, 422–436 (1965a).
Cohen, B., Goto, K., Shanzer, S., Weiss, A.H.: Eye movements induced by electric stimulation of the cerebellum in the alert cat. Exp. Neurol. 13, 145–162 (1965b).
Cohen, B., Tokumasu, K., Goto, K.: Semicircular canal nerve, eye and head movements: The effect of changes in initial eye and head position on the plane of the induced movement. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 76, 523–531 (1966).
Cohen, B., Goto, K., Tokumasu, K.: Return eye movements, an ocular compensatory reflex in the alert cat and monkey. Exp. Neurol. 17, 172–185 (1967).
Cohen, B., Feldman, M.: Relationship of electrical activity in pontine reticular formation and lateral geniculate body to rapid eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 806–817 (1968).
Cohen, B., Komatsuzaki, A., Bender, M.B.: Electro-oculographic syndrome in monkeys after pontine reticular formation lesions. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 18, 78–92 (1968).
Cohen, B., Komatsuzaki, A., Alpert, J.: Positional nystagmus after lesions of the cerebellum. Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Neurol. 93, 198–199 (1969).
Cohen, B.: Vestibulo-ocular relations. In: The control of eye movements, p. 105–148. New York: Academic Press 1971.
Cohen, B., Highstein, S.M.: Cerebellar control of the vestibular pathways to oculomotor neurons. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res., Vol. 37, p. 411–425. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
Cohen, B., Komatsuzaki, A.: Eye movements induced by stimulation of the pontine reticular formation: Evidence for integration in oculomotor pathways. Exp. Neurol. 36, 101–117 (1972).
Cohen, B., Henn, V.: The origin of quick phases of nystagmus in the horizontal plane. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Bibl. Ophthal. Vol. 82, p. 36–55. Basel: Karger 1972.
Cohen, B., Uemura, T., Takemori, S.: Effects of labyrinthectomy on optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). Equil. Res. 3, 80–93 (1973).
Collewijn, H.: Dysmetria of fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus in cerebellectomized rabbits. Exp. Neurol. 28, 144–154 (1970).
Collewijn, H., Noorduin, H.: Vertical and torsional optokinetic eye movements in the rabbit. Pflügers Arch. 332, 87–95 (1972).
Collins, W.E.: Vestibular responses from figure skaters. Aerospace Med. 37, 1098–1104 (1966).
Collins, W.E., Updegraff, B.P.: A comparison of nystagmus habituation in the cat and the dog. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 62, 19–26 (1966).
Collins, W. E.: Influence of head position on the habituation of vertical vestibular nystagmus in the cat. J. comp, physiol. Psychol. 67, 156–159 (1969).
Collins, W. E., Schroeder, D. H., Hill, R.J.: Some effects of alcohol on vestibular responses. Advanc. Oto-rhino-laryng. 19, 295–303 (1973).
Cook, W.A., Jr., Cangiano, A., Pompeiano, O.: An electrical investigation of the efferent pathway from the vestibular nuclei. Arch. ital. Biol. 107, 235–274 (1969).
Cooper, S., Eccles, J.C.: The isometric response of mammalian muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 69, 377–385 (1930).
Costin, A., Chaimovitz, M., Bergmann, F.: Nystagmus evoked by intermittent photic stimulation of the rabbit’s eye. Experientia (Basel) 21, 167–171 (1965).
Costin, A., Bergmann, F., Chaimovitz, M.: Influence of side position of the head on central and flash nystagmus in the rabbit. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 61, 323–331 (1966).
Crampton, G.H.: Directional imbalance of vestibular nystagmus in cat following repeated unidirectional angular acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 55, 41–48 (1962).
Crampton, G. H.: Habituation of ocular nystagmus of vestibular origin. In: The oculomotor system, p. 332–346. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Cranmer, R.: Nystagmus related to lesions of the central vestibular apparatus and the cerebellum. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 60, 186–196 (1951).
Crawford, W.A.: The perception of mining objects: ability and visual acuity. Gt. Brit. Fly. Personnel Res. Comm. 150, 1–10 (1960a).
Crawford, W. A.: The perception of mining objects: eye movements. Gt. Brit. Fly. Personnel Res. Comm. 150, 10–24 (1960b).
Crosby, E.C.: Relations of brain centers to normal and abnormal eye movements in the horizontal plane. J. comp. Neurol. 99, 437–480 (1953).
Crum-Brown, A.: On the sense of rotation and the anatomy and physiology of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. J. Anat. Physiol. (Lond.) 8, 327–331 (1874).
Curthoys, I.S., Markham, C.H.: Convergence of labyrinthine influences on units in the vestibular nuclei of the cat. I. Natural stimulation. Brain Res. 35, 469–490 (1971).
Dandy, W.E.: The surgical treatment of Ménière’s Disease. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 72, 421–425 (1941).
Denney, D., Adorjani, C.: Orientation specificity of visual cortical neurons after head tilt. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 312–317 (1972).
Desole, C., Pallestrini, E.A.: Responses of vestibular units to stimulation of individual semicircular canals. Exp. Neurol. 24, 310–324 (1969).
Dichgans, J., Brandt, Th.: Visual-vestibular interaction and motion perception. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Bibl. Ophthal. Vol. 82, p. 327–338. Basel: Karger 1972.
Dichgans, J., Schmidt, C.L., Wist, E.R.: Frequency modulation of afferent and efferent unit activity in the vestibular nerve by oculomotor impulses. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res. Vol. 37, p. 449–456. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972a.
Dichgans, J., Held, R., Young, L.R., Brandt, Th.: Moving visual scenes influence the apparent direction of gravity. Science 178, 1217–1219 (1972b).
Dichgans, J., Bizzi, E., Morasso, P., Tagliasco, V.: Mechanisms underlying recovery of eye-head coordination following bilateral labyrinthectomy in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 548–562 (1973a).
Dichgans, J., Schmidt, C.L., Graf, W.: Visual input improves the speedometer functions of the vestibular nuclei in the goldfish. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 319–322 (1973b).
Ditchburn, R.W., Ginsborg, B.L.: Involuntary eye movements during fixation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 119, 1–17 (1953).
Dix, M.R., Hallpike, C.S.: The pathology, symptomatology, and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 45, 341–354 (1952).
Dodge, R.: Visual perception during eye movement. Psychol. Rev. 7, 454–465 (1900).
Dodge, R.: Five types of eye movements in the horizontal meridian plane of the field of regard. Amer. J. Physiol. 8, 307–329 (1903).
Dodge, R.: Adequacy of reflex compensatory eye-movements including the effects of neural rivalry and competition. J. exp. Psychol. 6, 169–181 (1923).
Dow, R.S.: The fiber connections of the posterior parts of the cerebellum in the cat and rat. J. comp. Neurol. 63, 527–548 (1936).
Dow, R.S.: Effect of lesions in the vestibular part of the cerebellum in primates. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 40, 500–520 (1938a).
Dow, R.S.: Efferent connections of the flocculo-nodular lobe in Macaca mulatta. J. comp. Neurol. 68, 297–305 (1938b).
Dow, R.S., Moruzzi, G.: The physiology and pathology of the cerebellum. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press 1958.
Duensing, F., Schaefer, K.P.: Die Neuronenaktivität in der Formatio reticularis des Rhombencephalons beim vestibulären Nystagmus. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 196, 265–290 (1957a).
Duensing, F., Schaefer, K.P.: Die “locker gekoppelten” Neurone der Formatio reticularis des Rhombencephalons beim vestibulären Nystagmus. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 196, 402–420 (1957b).
Duensing, F., Schaefer, K.P.: Die Aktivität einzelner Neurone im Bereich der Vestibu-lariskerne bei Horizontalbeschleunigungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des vestibulären Nystagmus. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 198, 225–252 (1958).
Duensing, F., Schaefer, K.P.: Über die Konvergenz verschiedener labyrinthärer Afferenzen auf einzelne Neurone des Vestibulariskerngebietes. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 199, 345–371 (1959).
Dusser de Barenne, J.G.: The labyrinthine and postural mechanisms. In: A handbook of general experimental psychology, p. 204–246. Worcester, Mass.: Clark University Press 1934.
Easter, S.: Spontaneous eye movements in restrained goldfish. Vision Res. 11, 333–342 (1971).
Easter, S.: Pursuit eye movements in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Vision Res. 12, 673–688 (1972).
Easton, T.A.: Patterned inhibition from horizontal eye movement in cat. Exp. Neurol. 31, 419–430 (1971).
Easton, T. A.: Patterned inhibition from single eye muscle stretch in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 34, 497–510 (1972).
Egmond, A.A.J. van, Groen, J.J., Jongkees, L.B.W.: The mechanism of the semicircular canal. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 110, 1–17 (1949).
Egmond, A.A.J. van, Groen, J. J., Jongkees, L.B. W.: The function of the vestibular organ. Basel: Karger 1952.
Eidelberg, E., Bond, M.L., Kelter, A.: Effects of alcohol on cerebellar and vestibular neurones. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 192, 213–219 (1971).
Ewald, J. R.: Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Endorgan des Nervus Octavus. Wiesbaden: Bergmann 1892.
Fender, D.H., Nye, P.W.: An investigation of the mechanisms of eye movement control. Kybernetik 1, 81–88 (1961).
Ferin, M., Grigorian, R.A., Strata, P.: Mossy and climbing fiber activation in the cat cerebellum by stimulation of the labyrinth. Exp. Brain Res. 12, 1–17 (1971).
Fernández, C.: Interrelations between flocculonodular lobe and vestibular system. In: Neural mechanisms of the auditory and vestibular systems, p. 285–296. Springfield: Thomas 1960.
Fernández, C., Fredrickson, J.M.: Experimental cerebellar lesions and their effect on vestibular function. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 192, 52–62 (1964).
Fernández, C., Goldberg, J.M.: Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. II. Response to sinusoidal stimulation and dynamics of peripheral vestibular system. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 661–675 (1971).
Fernández, C., Goldberg, J.M., Abend, W.K.: Response to static tilts of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 978–997 (1972).
Ferraro, A., Barrera, S.E.: Effects of lesions of the juxta-restiform body (I.A.K. Bundle) in Macacus rhesus monkeys. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 35, 13–29 (1936).
Ferraro, A., Barrera, S.E., Blakeslee, G.A.: Vestibular phenomena of central origin. Brain 59, 466–482 (1936).
Ferraro, A., Barrera, S.E.: Differential features of “cerebellar” and “vestibular” phenomena in Macacus rhesus. Preliminary report based on experiments on 300 monkeys. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 39, 902–918 (1938).
Ferraro, A., Pacella, B.L., Barrera, S.E.: Effects of lesions of the medial vestibular nucleus. An anatomical and physiological study in Macacus rhesus monkeys. J. comp. Neurol. 73, 7–36 (1940).
Ferrier, D.: The functions of the brain. New York: Putnam and Sons 1876.
Flock, A.: Structure of the macula utriculi with special reference to directional interplay of sensory responses as revealed by morphological polarization. J. Cell Biol. 22, 413–432 (1964).
Flourens, P.: Recherches experimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés. Paris: Crevot 1842.
Fluur, E.: Influences of semicircular ducts on extraocular muscles. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 149, 1–46 (1959).
Fluur, E., Mellström, A.: Utricular stimulation and oculomotor reactions. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 80, 1701–1712 (1970a).
Fluur, E., Mellström, A.: Saccular stimulation and oculomotor reactions. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 80, 1713–1721 (1970b).
Fluur, E., Mellström, A.: The otolith organs and their influence on oculomotor movements. Exp. Neurol. 30, 139–147 (1971).
Ford, F.R., Walsh, F.B.: Clinical observations upon the importance of vestibular reflexes on ocular movements: Effects of section of one or both vestibular nerves. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 58, 80–88 (1936).
Freeman, W.: Paralysis of associated lateral movements of the eyes. A symptom of intrapontile lesion. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 7, 454–487 (1922).
Fuchs, A.F.: Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 191, 609–631 (1967).
Fuchs, A.F., Kornhuber, H.H.: Extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 200, 713–722 (1969).
Fujita, Y., Rosenberg, J., Segundo, J.P.: Activity of cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus as a function of head position. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 1–18 (1968).
Fukuda, T., Hinoki, M., Tokita, T.: Static and kinetic labyrinthine reflex. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 49, 467–477 (1958).
Fukuda, T.: Studies on human dynamic postures from the view point of postural reflexes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 161 (1961).
Fukuda, J., Highstein, S.M., Ito, M.: Cerebellar inhibitory control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex investigated in rabbit IIIrd nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 511–526 (1972).
Fulton, J.R., Liddell, E.G.T., Rioch, D. McK.: The influence of unilateral destruction of the vestibular nuclei upon posture and the knee-jerk. Brain 53, 327–343 (1930).
Gacek, R.R.: The innervation of the vestibular labyrinth. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 77, 676–685 (1968).
Gacek, R.R.: The course and central termination of first order neurons supplying vestibular end organs in the cat. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 254, 1–66 (1969).
Gacek, R. R.: Anatomical demonstration of the vestibulo-ocular projections in the cat. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 293, 1–63 (1971).
Gernandt, B.E.: Vestibular mechanisms. In: Handbook of physiology, p. 549–564. Washington, D. C.: American Physiological Society 1959.
Gernandt, B.E.: Interactions between extraocular myotatic and ascending vestibular activities. Exp. Neurol. 20, 120–134 (1968).
Gildenberg, P.L., Hassler, R.: Influence of stimulation of the cerebral cortex on vestibular nuclei units in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 77–94 (1971).
Goebel, H.H., Komatsuzaki, A., Bender, M.B., Cohen, B.: Lesions of the pontine tegmentum and conjugate gaze paralysis. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 24, 431–440 (1971).
Gogan, P., Gueritaud, J.P., Horcholle-Bossavit, G., Tyč-Dumont, S.: Inhibitory nystagmic interneurons. Physiological and anatomical identification within the abducens nucleus. Brain Res. 59, 410–416 (1973).
Goldberg, J.M., Fernández, C.: Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. I. Resting discharge and response to constant angular accelerations. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 635–660 (1971a).
Goldberg, J.M., Fernández, C.: Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. III. Variations among units in their discharge properties. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 676–684 (1971b).
Goltz, F.: Über die physiologische Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 3, 172–192 (1870).
Gonshor, A., Melvill Jones, G.: Changes of human vestibulo-ocular response induced by vision-reversal during head rotation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 234, P102–P103 (1973).
Goto, K., Tokumasu, K., Cohen, B.: Return eye movements, saccadic movements, and the quick phase of nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65, 426–440 (1968).
Grand, W.: Positional nystagmus: An early sign in medulloblastoma. Neurology (Minneap.) 21, 1157–1159 (1971).
Grant, G., Aschan, G., Ekvall, L.: Nystagmus produced by cerebellar lesions. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 192, 78–84 (1964).
Graybiel, A., Stockwell, C.W., Guedry, F.E., Jr.: Evidence for a test of dynamic otolith function considered in relation to responses from a patient with idiopathic progressive vestibular degeneration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 73, 1–3 (1972).
Groen, J.J., Lowenstein, O., Vendrik, A.J.H.: The mechanical analysis of the responses from the end organs of the horizontal semicircular canal in the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 117, 329–346 (1952).
Grüttner, R.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den optokinetischen Nystagmus. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 68, 1–48 (1939).
Guedry, F.E., Jr.: Visual control of habituation to complex vestibular stimulation in man. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 58, 377–389 (1964).
Guedry, F.E., Jr.: Orientation of the rotation-axis relative to gravity: Its influence on nystagmus and the sensation of rotation. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 60, 30–48 (1965).
Halstead, W.C.: The effects of cerebellar lesions upon the habituation of postrotatory nystagmus. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 42, 1–130 (1935).
Halstead, W.C., Yacorzynski, G., Fearing, F.: Further evidence of cerebellar influence in the habituation of after-nystagmus in pigeons. Amer. J. Physiol. 120, 350–355 (1937).
Hampson, J.L., Harrison, C.R., Woolsey, C.N.: Cerebrocerebellar projections and the somatotopic localization of motor function in the cerebellum. A. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. Proc. 30, 299–316 (1952).
Hannen, R.A., Kabrisky, M., Replogle, C.R., Hartzler, V.L., RoccaForte, P.A.: Experimental determination of a portion of the human vestibular system response through measurement of eyeball counterroll. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin. 13, 65–70 (1966).
Hasegawa, T.: Labyrinthreflexe nach Abschleuderung der Otolithen-membranen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 236, 589–593 (1936).
Hasegawa, T.: Die stato-kinetische Funktion des Sacculus. Z. Hals-, Nas.- u. Ohrenheilk. 43, 129–132 (1937).
Hassler, R., Hess, W.R.: Experimentelle und anatomische Befunde über die Drehbewegungen und ihre nervösen Apparate. Arch. Psychiat. Z. Neurol. 192, 488–526 (1954).
Hauglie-Hanssen, E.: Intrinsic neuronal organization of the vestibular nuclear complex in the cat. Ergebn. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 40, 1–105 (1968).
Henn, V., Cohen, B.: Activity in eye motoneurons and brain stem units during eye movements. In: Basic mechanisms of ocular motility and their clinical implications. Stockholm 1974 (in press).
Henn, V., Young, L.R.. Finley, C.Vestibular nucleus units in alert monkeys are also influenced by moving visual fields. Brain Res. 71, 144–149 (1974).
Henriksson, N.G.: An electrical method for registration and analysis of the movements of the eyes in nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 45, 25–41 (1955a).
Henriksson, N.G.: The correlation between the speed of the eye in the slow phase of nystagmus and vestibular stimulus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 45, 120–136 (1955b).
Henriksson, N.G., Dolowitz, D.A., Forssman, B.: Studies of cristospinal reflexes (Laterotorsion). I. A method for objective recording of cristospinal reflexes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 55, 33–40 (1962).
Hermann, H.T.: Eye movements in goldfish. Vision Res. 11, 313–331 (1971).
Hess, W.R., Burgi, S., Bucher, V.: Motorische Funktion des Tektal- und Tegmentalgebietes. Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 112, 1–52 (1946).
Hess, W.R.: The functional organization of the diencephalon. New York: Grune and Stratton 1957.
Hiebert, T.G., Fernández, C.: Deitersian unit response to tilt. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 60, 180–190 (1965).
Highstein, S.M.: Organization of the inhibitory and excitatory vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways to the IIIrd and IVth nuclei in rabbit. Brain Res. 32, 218–224 (1971).
Highstein, S.M., Ito, M.: Differential localization within the vestibular nuclear complex of the inhibitory and excitatory cells innervating IIIrd nucleus oculomotor neurons in rabbit. Brain Res. 29, 358–362 (1971).
Highstein, S.M., Ito, M., Tsuchiya, T.: Synaptic linkage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway of rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 306–326 (1971).
Highstein, S.M.: Electrophysiological investigation of the organization of the vestibulo-ocular pathways in rabbit. Bibl. Ophthal. (Basel) 82, 89–98 (1972).
Highstein, S.M.: The organization of the vestibulo-oculomotor and trochlear reflex pathways in the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 17, 285–300 (1973a).
Highstein, S.M.: Synaptic linkage in the vestibulo-ocular and cerebello-vestibular pathways to the VIth nucleus in the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res. 17, 301–314 (1973b).
Highstein, S.M.: Synaptic linkage of the vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways in the rabbit. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 41, 144–152 (1974).
Highstein, S.M., Cohen, B., Matsunami, K.: Monosynaptic projections from the pontine reticular formation to the IIIrd nucleus in the cat. Brain Res. (1974) (in press).
Hikosaka, O., Maeda, M.: Cervical effects on abducens motoneurons and their interaction with vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 512–530 (1973).
Högyes, A.: On the nervous mechanism of the involuntary associated movements of the eyes. Orv. Hetil. 23, 17–29 (1880).
Hood, J.D., Pfaltz, C.R.: Observations upon the effects of repeated stimulation upon rotational and caloric nystagmus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 124, 130–144 (1954).
Horcholle, G., Tyč-Dumont, S.: Activités unitaires des neurones vestibulaires et oculomoteurs au cours du nystagmus. Exp. Brain Res. 5, 16–31 (1968).
Horcholle-Bossavit, G., Tyč-Dumont, S.: Phénomènes synaptiques du nystagmus. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 201–218 (1969).
Horn, G., Hill, R.M.: Modifications of receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex occurring spontaneously and associated with bodily tilt. Nature (Lond.) 221, 186–188 (1969).
Horn, G., Stechler, G., Hill, R.M.: Receptive fields of units in the visual cortex of the cat in the presence or absence of bodily tilt. Exp. Brain Res. 15, 113–132 (1972).
Hoshino, T.: Beiträge zur Funktion des Kleinhirnwurmes beim Kaninchen. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 2, 1–72 (1921).
Hunter, J.: The use of the oblique muscles. In: Observations on certain parts of the animal economy. p. 209–212. London 1786.
Hyde, J., Toczek, S.: Functional relation of interstitial nucleus to rotatory movements evoked from zona incerta stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 25, 455–466 (1962).
Imai, R.: Studies on the angle gamma of the eye. Acta Soc. Ophthal. Jap. 34, 117–210 (1930).
Ingram, W.R., Ranson, S.W., Hannett, F.I., Zeiss, F.R., Terwilliger, E.H.: Results of stimulation of the tegmentum with the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic apparatus. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 28, 513–541 (1932).
Ito, F., Bach-y-Rita, P., Yamanaka, Y.: Extraocular muscle intracellular and motor nerve responses to semicircular canal stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 24, 438–449 (1969).
Ito, M., Highstein, S.M., Tsuchiya, T.: The postsynaptic inhibition of rabbit oculomotor neurones by secondary vestibular impulses and its blockage by picrotoxin. Brain Res. 17, 520–523 (1970a).
Ito, M., Highstein, S.M., Fukuda, J.: Cerebellar inhibition of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in rabbit and cat and its blockage by picrotoxin. Brain Res. 17, 524–526 (1970b).
Ito, M., Nisimaru, N., Yamamoto, M.: The neural pathways mediating reflex contraction of extraocular muscles during semicircular canal stimulation in rabbits. Brain Res. 55, 183–188 (1973a).
Ito, M., Nisimaru, N., Yamamoto, M.: The neural pathways relaying reflex inhibition from semicircular canals to extraocular muscles of rabbits. Brain Res. 55, 189–193 (1973b).
Ito, M., Nisimaru, N., Yamamoto, M.: Specific neural connections for the cerebellar control of vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Brain Res. 60, 238–243 (1973 c).
Ito, M., Shiida, T., Yagi, N., Yamamoto, M.: Visual influence on rabbit horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex presumably effected via the cerebellar flocculus. Brain Res. 65, 170–174 (1974).
Jacobs, L., Anderson, P. F., Bender, M.B.: The lesions producing paralysis of downward but not upward gaze. Trans. Amer, neurol. Ass. (1972).
Jansen, J., Brodal, A.: Aspects of cerebellar anatomy. Oslo: Johan Frundt Tanum Vorlag 1954.
Johnson, G.L.: Contributions to the comparative anatomy of the mammalian eye, chiefly based on ophthalmoscopic examination. Phil. Trans. B 194, 1–82 (1900).
Jongkees, L.B.W.: On the function of the saccule. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 38, 18–26 (1950).
Jongkees, L.B.W.: On positional nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 159, 78–83 (1961).
Jongkees, L.B.W., Maas, J.P.M., Phllipszoon, A. J.: Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electronystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract. oto-rhino-laryng. (Basel) 24, 65–93 (1962).
Jongkees, L.B.W., Phllipszoon, A. J.: Electro-nystagmography. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 189, 1–111 (1964).
Jung, R.: Die Registrierung des postrotatorischen und optokinetischen Nystagmus und die optisch-vestibuläre Integration beim Menschen. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 36, 199–202 (1948).
Jung, R., Kornhuber, H.H.: Results of electronystagmography in man: The value of optokinetic, vestibular, and spontaneous nystagmus for neurologic diagnosis and research. In: The oculomotor system, p. 428–482. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Kasahara, M., Mano, N., Oshima, T., Ozawa, S., Shimazu, H.: Contralateral short latency inhibition of central vestibular neurons in the horizontal canal system. Brain Res. 8, 376–378 (1968).
Kasahara, M., Uchino, Y.: Selective mode of commissural inhibition induced by semicircular canal afferents on secondary vestibular neurons in the cat. Brain Res. 34, 366–369 (1971).
Kawat, N., Ito, M., Nozue, M.: Postsynaptic influences on the vestibular non-Deiters nuclei from primary vestibular nerve. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 190–200 (1969).
Kidokoro, Y.: Direct inhibitory innervation of teleost oculomotor neurons by cerebellar Purkinje cells. Brain Res. 10, 453–456 (1968).
Kidokoro, Y.: Cerebellar and vestibular control of fish oculomotor neurons. In: Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development, p. 257–272. Chicago: American Medical Association 1969.
De Kleyn, A.: Tonischer Labyrinthreflex auf die Augenmuskeln. Arch. ges. Physiol. 178, 179–192 (1920).
De Kleyn, A., Versteegh, C.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den sogenannten Lagennystagmus während akuter Alkoholvergiftung beim Kaninchen. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 14, 356–377 (1930).
Klinke, R., Schmidt, C.L.: Efferent influence on the vestibular organ during active movement of the body. Pflügers Arch. 318, 325–332 (1970).
Koella, W. P.: Motor effects from electrical stimulation of basal cerebellum in the unrestrained cat. J. Neurophysiol. 18, 559–573 (1955).
Koella, W. P.: Organizational aspects of some subcortical motor areas. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 4, 71–116 (1962).
Komatsuzaki, A., Harris, H.E., Alpert, J., Cohen, B.: Horizontal nystagmus of rhesus monkeys. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 67, 535–551 (1969).
Komatsuzaki, A., Alpert, J., Harris, H.E., Cohen, B.: Effects of mesencephalic reticular formation lesions on optokinetic nystagmus. Exp. Neurol. 34, 522–534 (1972).
Korn, H., Bennett, M.V.L.: Dendritic and somatic impulse initiation in fish oculomotor neurons during vestibular nystagmus. Brain Res. 27, 169–175 (1971).
Kornhuber, H.H.: Physiologie und Klinik des zentral-vestibulären Systems (Blick- und Stützmotorik). Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde 3, 2150–2351 (1966).
Kornhuber, H.H.: Motor functions of cerebellum and basal ganglia: The cerebellocortical saccadic (ballistic) clock, the cerebellonuclear hold regulator, and the basal ganglia ramp (voluntary speed smooth movement) generator. Kybernetik 8, 157–162 (1971).
Krejcova, H., Highstein, S., Cohen, B.: Labyrinthine and extra-labyrinthine effects on ocular counter-rolling. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 72, 165–171 (1971).
Kriebel, M.E., Bennett, M.V.L., Waxman, S.G., Pappas, G.D.: Oculomotor neurons in fish: Electrotonic coupling and multiple sites of impulse initiation. Science 166, 520–524 (1969).
Ladpli, R., Brodal, A.: Experimental studies of commissural and reticular formation projections from the vestibular nuclei in the cat. Brain Res. 8, 65–96 (1968).
Lee, F.S.: A study of the sense of equilibrium in fishes. I. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 15, 311–348 (1893).
Lee, F.S.: A study of the sense of equilibrium in fishes. II. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 17, 192–210 (1895).
Lisberger, S.G., Fuchs, A.F.: Response of flocculus Purkinje cells to adequate vestibular stimulation in the alert monkey: fixation vs. compensatory eye movements. Brain Res. 69, 347–353 (1974).
Llinás, R., Precht, W., Clarke, M.: Cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to physiological stimulation of the vestibular system. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 408–431 (1971).
Llinás, R.: Motor aspects of cerebellar control. Physiologist 17, 19–46 (1974).
Lorente de Nó, R.: Labyrinthreflexe auf die Augenmuskeln. Vienna: Urban 1928.
Lobente de Nó, R.: Ausgewählte Kapital aus der vergleichenden Physiologie des Labyrinths. Die Augenmuskel-reflexe bei dem Kaninchen und ihre Grundlagen. Ergebn. Physiol. 32, 73–242 (1931).
Lorente de Nó, R.: Anatomy of the eighth nerve. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 63, 1–38 (1933 a).
Lorente de Nó, R.: Vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 30, 245–291 (1933b).
Lowenstein, O., Sand, A.: The mechanism of the semicircular canal: A study of the responses of single fibre preparation to angular acceleration and to rotation at constant speed. Proc. roy. Soc. B 129, 256–275 (1940a).
Lowenstein, O., Sand, A.: The individual and integrated activity of the semicircular canals of the elasmobranch labyrinth. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 99, 89–101 (1940b).
Lowenstein, O., Roberts, T.D.M.: The equilibrium function of the otolith organs of the thornback ray (Raja clavata). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 110, 392–415 (1949).
Lowenstein, O.: Peripheral mechanism of equilibrium. Brit. med. Bull. 12, 114–118 (1956).
Lowenstein, O., Wersäll, J.: A functional interpretation of the electron-microscopic structure of the sensory hairs in the cristae of the elasmobranch Raja clavata in terms of directional sensitivity. Nature (Lond.) 184, 1807–1808 (1959).
Ludvigh, E., Miller, J.W.: Study of visual acuity during the ocular pursuit of moving test objects. I. Introduction. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 799–802 (1955).
Luschei, E.S., Fuchs, A.F.: Activity of brain stem neurons during eye movements of alert monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 445–461 (1972).
Mach, E.: Grundlinien der Lehre von den Bewegungsempfindungen. Leipzig: Engelman 1875.
Mackensen, G., Uber, J.: Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des optokinetischen Nystagmus. Das Verhalten des optokinetischen Nystagmus bei langer Reizdauer. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. Ophthal. 161, 599–604 (1960).
Maeda, M., Shimazu, H., Shinoda, Y.: Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the abducens motoneurons associated with the quick relaxation phase of vestibular nystagmus. Brain Res. 26, 420–424 (1971a).
Maeda, M., Shimazu, H., Shinoda, Y.: Rhythmic activity of secondary vestibular efferent fibers recorded within the abducens nucleus during vestibular nystagmus. Brain Res. 34, 361–365 (1971b).
Maeda, M., Shimazu, H., Shinoda, Y.: Nature of synaptic events in cat abducens motoneurons at slow and quick phase of vestibular nystagmus. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 279–296 (1972).
Maekawa, K., Simpson, J.I.: Climbing fiber activation of Purkinje cells in the flocculus by impulses transferred through the visual pathway. Brain Res. 35, 245–251 (1972).
Maekawa, K., Simpson, J.I.: Climbing fiber responses evoked in vestibulo-cerebellum of rabbit from visual system. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 649–666 (1973).
Magnus, R.: Körperstellung. Berlin: Springer 1924.
Manni, E.: Localizzazioni cerebellari corticali nella cavia. II. Effetti di lesioni delle “parti vestibolari” del cervelletto. Arch. Fisiol. 50, 110–123 (1950).
Mano, N., Oshima, R., Shimazu, H.: Inhibitory commissural fibers interconnecting the bilateral vestibular nuclei. Brain Res. 8, 378–382 (1968).
MaRkham, C.H., Curthoys, I.S.: Labyrinthine convergence on vestibular nuclear neurons using natural and electrical stimulation. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res. Vol. 37, p. 121–137. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
MaRkham, C.H., Precht, W., Shimazu, H.: Effect of stimulation of interstitial Nucleus of Cajal on vestibular unit activity in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 493–507 (1966).
MelvIll Jones, G.: Vestibular interference with vision in flight. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 52, 185–186 (1958).
Melvill Jones, G.: Predominance of anti-compensatory oculomotor response during rapid head rotation. Aerospace Med. 35, 965–968 (1964).
Melvill Jones, G.M., Milsum, J.H.: Spatial and dynamic aspects of visual fixation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin. 12, 54–62 (1965).
Melvill Jones, G., Milsum, J.H.: Frequency-response analysis of central vestibular unit activity resulting from rotational stimulation of the semicircular canals. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 219, 191–215 (1971).
Merton, P.A.: Compensatory rolling movements of the eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 132, 25–27P (1956).
Millee, E. F.: Counterrolling of the human eyes produced by head tilt with respect to gravity. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 54, 479–501 (1962).
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A.: Effect of drugs on ocular counter-rolling. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 10, 92–99 (1969).
Miller, J. W.: Study of visual acuity during the ocular pursuit of moving test objects. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 803–818 (1955).
Money, K.E., Johnson, W.H., Corlett, B.M.A.: Role of semicircular canals in positional alcohol nystagmus. Amer. J. Physiol. 208, 1065–1070 (1965).
Money, K.E., Myles, W.S.: Heavy water nystagmus and effects of alcohol. Nature 247, 404–405 (1974).
Monnier, M.: Les formations reticulées tegmentales; équilibrium des postures du regard de la tête et du tronc. Rev. neurol. 78, 422–452 (1946).
Mowrer, O.H.: The influence of vision during bodily rotation upon the duration of post-rotational vestibular nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 25, 351–364 (1937).
Muskens, L.J.J.: Das supra-vestibulare System. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgeversmaatschappij 1934.
Muskens, L.J.J.: Die loco- (und oculo-) motorische Funktion der Kerne der hinteren Commissur und Kerne des zentralen Höhlengraus des Mesencephalons. Jb. Psychiat. Neurol. 53, 117 (1936).
Mussen, A.T.: Cerebellum and red nucleus. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 31, 110–126 (1934).
McCabe, B.F.: Vestibular suppression in figure skaters. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. Oto-laryng. 64, 264–268 (1960).
McCabe, B.F.: The quick component of nystagmus. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 75, 1619–1646 (1965).
McMasters, R.E., Weiss, A.H., Carpenter, M.B.: Vestibular projections to the nuclei of the extraocular muscles: Degeneration resulting from discrete partial lesions of the vestibular nuclei in the monkey. Amer. J. Anat. 118, 163–194 (1966).
McNally, W.J., Stuart, E.A.: Physiology of the labyrinth reviewed in relation to sea sickness and other forms of motion sickness. War Med. (Chic.) 2, 683–771 (1942).
Nelson, J.R., Cope, D.: The otoliths and the ocular counter torsion reflex. Arch. Otolaryngol. (Chic.) 94, 40–50 (1971).
Nelson, J.R., House, W.F.: Ocular counter torsion as an indicator of otolith function: Effects of unilateral vestibular lesions. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. Otolaryng. 75, 1313–1321 (1971).
Nito, Y., Johnson, W.H., Morrey, K.E., Ireland, P.E.: The non-auditory labyrinth and positional alcohol nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 58, 65–67 (1964).
Nito, Y., Johnson, W.H., Ireland, P.E.: Positional alcohol nystagmus in the cat. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 77, 111–125 (1968).
Nylén, C. O.: Some cases of ocular nystagmus due to certain position of the head. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 6, 106–137 (1924).
Nylén, C. O.: Clinical study on positional nystagmus in cases of brain tumor. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 15, 1–113 (1931).
Nylén, C.O.: Oto-neurologic diagnosis of tumors of the brain. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 33, 1–151 (1939).
Nylén, C.O.: Positional nystagmus: A review and future prospects. J. Laryng. 64, 295–318 (1950).
Ohm, J.: Über den Einfluß des Sehens auf den vestibulären Drehnystagmus und Nachnystag-mus. Z. Hals-, Nas.- u. Ohrenheilk. 16, 521–540 (1926).
Oosterveld, W. J.: On the origin of positional alcohol nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 75, 252–258 (1973).
Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Krieger, H.P.: Effects of cerebral lesions upon optokinetic nystagmus in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 22, 297–304 (1959).
Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Bender, M.B.: Oculomotor function following cerebral hemidecortication in the monkey: A study with special reference to optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 3, 298–305 (1960).
Pasik, P., Pasik, T.: Oculomotor functions in monkeys with lesions of the cerebrum and the superior colliculi. In: The oculomor system, p. 40–80. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Pasik, T., Pasik, P., Bender, M.B.: The superior colliculi and eye movements. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 15, 420–436 (1966).
Pasik, P., Pasik, T., Bender, M.B.: The pretectal syndrom in monkeys. I. Disturbances of gaze and body posture. Brain 92, 521–534 (1969 a).
Pasik, T., Pasik, P., Bender, M.B.: The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. II. Spontaneous and induced nystagmus and “lightning” eye movements. Brain 92, 871–884 (1969b).
Pasik, T., Pasik, P., Valciukas, J.A.: Nystagmus induced by stationary repetitive light flashes in monkeys. Brain Res. 19, 313–317 (1970).
Pasik, P., Valciukas, J. A., Pasik, T.: Effect of head and body tilt on flicker-induced nystagmus in monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 41, 15–28 (1973).
Peterson, B.W.: Effect of tilting on the activity of neurones in the vestibular nuclei of the cat. Brain Res. 6, 606–609 (1967).
Philipszoon, A. J.: Compensatory eye movements and nystagmus provoked by stimulation of the vestibular organ and the cervical nerve roots. Pract. oto-rhino-laryng. (Basel) 24, 193–202 (1962).
Pompeiano, O., Walberg, F.: Descending connections to the vestibular nuclei. An experimental study in cat. J. comp. Neurol. 108, 465–503 (1957).
Potthoff, P.C., Burandt, H.R., Richter, H.P.: Neuronale Reaktionen in Pons und Mesencephalon der Katze nach galvanischer Labyrinthpolarisation. Arch. klin. exp. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 189, 262–280 (1967).
Precht, W., Grippo, J., Richter, A.: Effect of horizontal angular acceleration on neurons in the abducens nucleus. Brain Res. 5, 527–531 (1967).
Precht, W., Llinás, R.: Functional organization of the vestibular afferents to the cerebellar cortex of frog and cat. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 30–52 (1969 a).
Precht, W., Llinás, R.: Comparative aspects of the vestibular input to the cerebellum. In: Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development, p. 677–702. Chicago: A.M.A. Education and Research Foundation 1969 b.
Precht, W., Richter, A., Grippo, J.: Responses of neurones in cat’s abducens nuclei to horizontal angular acceleration. Pflügers Arch. 309, 285–309 (1969).
Precht, W.: Vestibular and cerebellar control of oculomotor functions. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Bibl. Ophthal., Vol. 82, p. 71–88. Basel: Karger 1972.
Precht, W., Baker, R.: Synaptic organization of the vestibulo-trochlear pathway. Exp. Brain Res. 14, 158–184 (1972).
Pritchard, R.M.: Physiological nystagmus and vision. In: The oculomotor system, p. 321–331. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Quix, F.H.: The function of the vestibular organ and the clinical examination of the otolithic apparatus. J. Laryng. 40, 425–443 (1925).
Rademaker, G. G. J., TerBraak, J. W. G.: On the central mechanism of some optic reactions. Brain 71, 48–76 (1948).
Rashbass, C.: The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 159, 326–338 (1961).
Rashbass, C., Westheimer, G.: Disjunctive eye movements. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 159, 339–360 (1961).
Ratliff, F., Riggs, L.A.: Involuntary movements of the eye during monocular fixation. J. exp. Psychol. 40, 687–701 (1950).
Richter, A., Precht, W.: Inhibition of abducens motoneurons by vestibular nerve stimulation. Brain Res. 11, 701–705 (1968).
Riggs, L.A., Armington, J.C., Ratliff, F.: Motions of the retinal image during fixation. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 44, 315–321 (1954).
Robinson, D.A.: The mechanics of human saccadic eye movement. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 174, 245–264 (1964).
Robinson, D.A.: The mechanics of human smooth pursuit eye movement. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 180, 569–591 (1965).
Ron, S., Robinson, D.A.: Eye movements evoked by cerebellar stimulation in the alert monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 1004–1022 (1973).
Sadjadpour, K., Brodal, A.: The vestibular nuclei in man: A morphological study in the light of experimental findings in the cat. J. Hirnforsch. 10, 299–323 (1968).
Sans, A., Raymond, J., Marty, R.: Projections des crêtes ampullaires et de l’utricle dans les noyaux vestibulaires primaires. Étude microphysiologique et corrélations anatomo-fonctionnelles. Brain Res. 44, 337–356 (1972).
Schaefer, K. P.: Die Erregungsmuster einzelner Neurone des Abducens-Kernes beim Kaninchen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 284, 31–52 (1965).
Scheibel, M.E., Scheibel, A.B.: Structural substrates for integrative patterns in the brain stem reticular core. In: Reticular formation of the brain, p. 31–55. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1958.
Schmidt, C.L., Wist, E.R., Dichgans, J.: Efferent frequency modulation in the vestibular nerve of goldfish correlated with saccadic eye movements. Exp. Brain Res. 15, 1–14 (1972).
Schroeder, D.J.: Influence of alcohol on vestibular responses to angular accelerations. Aerospace Med. 42, 959–970 (1971).
Schwarzkroin, P. A.: The effect of body tilt on the directionality of units in cat visual cortex. Exp. Neurol. 36, 498–506 (1972).
Schwindt, P.C., Richter, A., Precht, W.: Short latency utricular and canal input to ipsilateral abducens motoneurons. Brain Res. 60, 259–262 (1973).
Schwindt, P. C., Precht, W., Richter, A.: Monosynaptic excitatory and inhibitory pathways from medial midbrain nuclei to trochlear motoneurons. Exp. Brain Res. 71, (1974) (in press).
Shanzer, S., Teno, P., Krieger, H.P., Bender, M.B.: Defects in optokinetic after-nystagmus in lesions of the brain stem. Amer. J. Physiol. 194, 419–422 (1958).
Shanzer, S., Bender, M.B.: Oculomotor responses on vestibular stimulation of monkeys with lesions of the brain stem. Brain 82, 669–682 (1959).
Shanzer, S.: Effects of semicircular canal stimulation in monkeys with lesions of the median longitudinal fasciculus. Fed. Proc. 23, 414 (1964).
Shanzer, S., Goto, K., Cohen, B., Bender, M. B.: Median longitudinal fasciculus and vertical eye movements. Trans. Amer, neurol. Ass. 89, 225–226 (1964).
Shimazu, H., Precht, W.: Tonic and kinetic responses of cat’s vestibular neurons to horizontal angular acceleration. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 991–1013 (1965).
Shimazu, H., Precht, W.: Inhibition of central vestibular neurons from the contralateral labyrinth and its mediating pathway. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 467–492 (1966).
Shimazu, H., Smith, C.M.: Cerebellar and labyrinthine influences on single vestibular neurons identified by natural stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 493–508 (1971).
Shimazu, H.: Vestibulo-oculomotor relations: Dynamic responses. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res., Vol. 37, p. 493–506. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
Singleton, G. T.: Relationships of the cerebellar nodulus to vestibular function: A study of the effects of nodulectomy on habituation. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 77, 1579–1620 (1967).
Skavenski, A.A., Robinson, D.A.: Role of abducens neurons in vestibulo-ocular reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 724–738 (1973).
Smith, J.L., Cogan, D.G.: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 61, 687–694 (1959).
Snider, R.S., Stowell, A.: Receiving areas of the tactile, auditory, and visual systems in the cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 7, 331–357 (1944).
Snider, R.S., Eldred, E.: Cerebrocerebellar relationships in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 15, 27–40 (1952).
Sparks, D.L., Travis, R.P., Jr.: Firing patterns of reticular formation neurons during horizontal eye movements. Brain Res. 33, 477–481 (1971).
Spiegel, E.A., Price, J.B.: Origin of the quick component of labyrinthine nystagmus. Arch. Otolaryng. (Chic.) 20, 576–588 (1939).
Spiegel, E.A., Scala, N.P.: Vertical nystagmus following lesions of the cerebellar vermis. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 26, 661–669 (1941).
Spiegel, E.A., Scala, N.P.: Positional nystagmus in cerebellar lesions. J. Neurophysiol. 5, 247–260 (1942).
Spiegel, E.A., Sommer, I.: Neurology of eye, ear, nose and throat. New York: Grune and Stratton 1944.
Spiller, W.G.: Ophthalmoplegia internuclearis anterior: A case with necropsy. Brain 47, 345–357 (1924).
Spoendlin, H.H.: Organization of the sensory hairs in the gravity receptors in utricle and saccule of the squirrel monkey. Z. Zeilforsch. 62, 701–716 (1964).
Stahle, J.: Electro-nystagmography in the caloric and rotatory test. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 137, 1–83 (1958).
Stein, B.M., Carpenter, M.B.: Central projections of portions of the vestibular ganglia innervating specific parts of the labyrinth in the rhesus monkey. Amer. J. Anat. 120, 281–318 (1967).
Steinman, R.M., Haddad, G.M., Skavenski, A.A., Wyman, D.: Miniature eye movement. Science 181, 810–819 (1973).
Suzuki, J., Cohen, B.: Head, eye, body and limb movements from semicircular canal nerves. Exp. Neurol. 10, 395–405 (1964).
Suzuki, J., Cohen, B., Bender, M.B.: Compensatory eye movements induced by vertical semicircular canal stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 9, 137–160 (1964).
Suzuki, J., Goto, K., Komatsuzaki, A., Nozue, M.: Otolithic influences on tonus changes of the extra ocular muscles. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 77, 959–970 (1968).
Suzuki, J., Goto, K., Tokumasu, K., Cohen, B.: Implantation of electrodes near individual nerve branches in mammals. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 78, 815–826 (1969a).
Suzuki, J., Tokumasu, K., Goto, K.: Eye movements from single utricular nerve stimulation in the cat. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 68, 350–362 (1969b).
Suzuki, J., Takemori, S.: Eye movements induced from the spinal nerves. Equil. Res. Suppl. 2, 33–40 (1971).
Suzuki, J.: Vestibulo-oculomotor relations: Static responses. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res., Vol. 37, p. 507–514. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972 a.
Suzuki, J.: Vestibular and spinal control of eye movements. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Bibl. Ophthal., Vol. 82, p. 109–115. Basel: Karger 1972b.
Szentágothai, J.: Die zentrale Innervation der Augenbewegungen. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 116, 721–760 (1943).
Szentágothai, J.: The elementary vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. J. Neurophysiol. 13, 395–407 (1950).
Szentágothai, J.: Die Rolle der einzelnen Labyrinthrezeptoren bei der Orientation von Augen und Kopf in Raume. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado 1952.
Szentágothai, J.: Pathways and synaptic articulation patterns connecting vestibular receptors and oculomotor nuclei. In: The oculomotor system, p. 205–223. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Tait, J., McNally, W.J.: Some features of the action of the utricular maculae (and of the associated action of the semicircular canals) of the frog. Phil. Trans. B 224, 241–286 (1934).
Takemori, S., Suzuki, J.: Influences of neck torsion on otolithogenic eye deviations in the rabbit. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 78, 640–647 (1969).
Takemori, S., Cohen, B.: Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus in rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 72, 203–212 (1974a).
Takemori, S., Cohen, B.: Loss of visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after flocculus lesions. Brain Res. 72, 213–224 (1974b).
Tarlov, E.: Organization of vestibulo-oculomotor projections in the cat. Brain Res. 20, 159–179 (1970).
Tarlov, E., Tarlov, R.S.: The representation of extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei: Experimental studies in the cat. Brain Res. 34, 37–52 (1971).
Tauber, E.S., Atkin, A.: Optomotor responses to monocular stimulation. Relation to visual system organization. Science 160, 1365–1367 (1968).
Teng, P., Shanzer, S., Bender, M.B.: Effects of brainstem lesions on optokinetic nystagmus in monkeys. Neurology (Minneap.) 8, 22–26 (1958).
Teuber, H.: Perception. In: Handbook of physiology, p. 1595–1668. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society 1960.
Tokita, T., Aoki, S., Fukuda, T.: The evolution of nystagmus, experimental studies on reflex pattern. In: Proc. Internat. Symposium on Vestibular and Oculomotor Problems, p. 195–200. Tokyo: Nippon Hoechst 1965.
Tokumasu, K., Goto, K., Cohen, B.: Eye movements produced by the superior oblique muscle. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 73, 851–862 (1965).
Tokumasu, K., Goto, K., Cohen, B.: Eye movements from vestibular nuclei stimulation in monkeys. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 78, 1105–1119 (1969).
Tyč-Dumont, S., Dell, P.: Composantes facilitatrices et inhibitrices du reflexe vestibulo-oculaire. J. Physiol. (Paris) 54, 331–332 (1962).
Tyč-Dumont, S.: Reticular control of a vestibulo-ocular reflex. In: Cortico-subcortical relationship in sensory regulation. Havana, Cuba: Academy of Sciences 1966.
Uemura, T., Cohen, B.: Vestibulo-ocular reflexes: Effects of vestibular nuclear lesions. In: Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Progr. Brain Res., Vol. 37, p. 515–528. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
Uemura, T., Cohen, B.: Effects of vestibular nuclei lesions on vestibulo-ocular reflexes and posture in monkeys. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 315, 1–71 (1973).
Versteegh, C.: Ergebnisse partieller Labyrinthexstirpation bei Kaninchen. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 11, 393–408 (1927).
Voogd, J.: The cerebellum of the cat. Structure and fibre connexions. Assen: Van Gorcum and Co., thesis, 1964.
Wagman, I. H.: Eye movements induced by electric stimulation of cerebrum in monkeys and their relationship to bodily movements. In: The oculomotor system, p. 18–39. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Walberg, F., Bowsher, D., Brodal, A.: The termination of primary vestibular fibers in the vestibular nuclei in the cat. An experimental study with silver methods. J. comp. Neurol. 110, 391–419 (1958).
Walberg, F., Pompeiano, O., Westrum, L.E., Hauglie-Hanssen, E.: Fastigio-reticular fibers in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 119, 187–199 (1962).
Walter, H.W.: Alkoholmißbrauch und Alkohollagenystagmus. Dtsch. Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 43, 232–241 (1954).
Warwick, R.: Oculomotor organization. In: The oculomotor system, p. 173–204. New York: Harper and Row (Hoeber) 1964.
Waxman, S.G., Pappas, G.D.: An electron microscopic study of synaptic morphology in the oculomotor nuclei of three inframammalian species. J. comp. Neurol. 143, 41–72 (1971).
Westheimer, G.: Mechanism of saccadic eye movements. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 52, 710–724 (1954a).
Westheimer, G.: Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 52, 932–941 (1954b).
Westheimer, G., Rashbass, C.: Barbiturates and eye vergence. Nature (Lond.) 191, 833–834 (1961).
Wilson, V.J., Kato, M., Thomas, R.C., Peterson, B.W.: Excitation of lateral vestibular neurones by peripheral afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 508–529 (1966).
Wilson, V.J., Wylie, R.M., Marco, L.A.: Synaptic inputs to cells in the medial vestibular nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 176–185 (1968).
Wilson, V.J.: Physiological pathways through the vestibular nuclei. In: International review of neurobiology, p. 27–81. New York: Academic Press 1972.
Wilson, V.J., Felpel, L.P.: Specificity of semicircular canal input to neurones in the pigeon vestibular nuclei. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 253–264 (1972).
Wilson, V.J., Anderson, J.A., Felix, D.: Unit and field potential activity evoked in the pigeon vestibulo-cerebellum by stimulation of individual semicircular canals. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 142–157 (1974).
Woellner, R.C., Graybiel, A.: Counter rolling of the eyes and its dependence on the magnitude of gravitational or inertial force acting laterally on the body. J. appl. Physiol. 14, 632–634 (1959).
Woellner, R.C., Graybiel, A.: The loss of counter-rolling of the eyes in three persons presumably without functional otolith organs. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 69, 1006–1012 (1960).
Wolfe, J.W.: Evidence for control of nystagmic habituation by folium-tuber vermis and fastigial nuclei. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 231, 1–48 (1968).
Wolfe, J. W.: Relationship of cerebellar potentials to saccadic eye movements. Brain Res. 30, 204–206 (1971).
Wolfson, R.J.: (Ed.): The vestibular system and its diseases. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1966.
Yamanaka, Y., Bach-y-Rita, P.: Conduction velocities in the abducens nerve correlated with vestibular nystagmus in cats. Exp. Neurol. 20, 143–155 (1968).
Yarbus, A.L.: Eye movements and vision. New York: Plenum Press 1967.
Young, L.R., Stark, L.: A discrete model for eye tracking movements. IEEE Trans. Mil. Electr. 7, 2–3 (1963).
Young, L.R.: Pursuit eye tracking movements. In: The control of eye movements, p. 429–446. New York: Academic Press 1971.
Yules, R.B., Gault, F.P.: The relationship of nystagmus to lateral vestibular nucleus stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 15, 475–483 (1966).
Zuber, B.L., Stark, L., Cook, G.: Micro-saccades and the velocity-amplitude relationship for saccadic eye movements. Science 150, 1459–1460 (1965).
Zuber, B.L.: Control of vergence eye movements. In: The control of eye movements, p. 447–471. New York: Academic Press 1971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cohen, B. (1974). The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Arc. In: Kornhuber, H.H. (eds) Vestibular System Part 1: Basic Mechanisms. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 6 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65942-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65942-3_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65944-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65942-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive