Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Applications of the Beck Depression Inventory

  • Chapter
Assessment of Depression

Abstract

Twenty-one years have passed since the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was first described by Beck et al. [16]. Over the years, two important reviews about the psychometric properties of the BDI have been written by Beck and Beamesderfer [15] and Mayer [123]. The former review stressed aspects of reliability and validity, whereas the latter review also compared the BDI with other self-report measures of depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ackerman, S., Manaker, S., and Cohen, M. 1981. Recent separation and the onset of peptic ulcer disease in older children and adolescents. Psychosom. Med. 43: 305–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ajmany, S., and Nandi, D. N. 1973. Adaptation of A.T. Beck et al.’s An inventory for measuring depression. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 15: 386–390.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Albert, N., and Beck, A.T. 1975. Incidence of depression in early adolescence: A preliminary study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 4: 301–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Antonuccio, D. O., Lewinsohn, P. M., and Steinmetz, J. L. 1982. Identification of therapist differences in a group treatment for depression. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 50: 433–435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Armstrong, H. E., Goldenberg, E., and Stewart, D. 1980. Correlations between Beck Depression scores and physical complaints. Psychol. Rep. 46: 740–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bailey, J., and Coppen, A. 1976. A comparison between the Hamilton Rating Scale and the Beck Inventory in the measurement of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 128: 486–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker, L.L., and Jessup, B.A. 1980. The psychophysiology of affective verbal and visual information processing in dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research 4: 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Barcia, S.D., and Galiana, C.M. 1976. Alcoholism and attempted suicide. Actas Luso Esp. Neurol. Psiquiatr. 4: 267–290.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baumgart, E.P., and Oliver, J.M. 1981. Sex ratio and gender differences in depression in an unselected adult population. J. Clin. Psychol. 37: 570–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bech, P., and Hey, H. 1979. Depression or asthenia related to metabolic disturbances in obese patients after intestinal bypass surgery. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 59: 462–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bech, P., Dein, E., Jacobsen, O., Vitger, J., and Bolwig, T. G. 1972. The depressive state syndrome. Quantitative evaluation: Correlation between clinical evaluation, objective rating scale (Hamilton) and self-rating scale (Beck’s Depression Inventory). Nordisk Psvkiatrisk Tidsskrift 26: 358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bech, P., Gram, L. F., Dein, E., Jacobsen, O., Vitger, J., and Bolwig, T. G. 1975. Correlation between clinical assessment, Beck’s self-rating scale and Hamilton’s objective rating scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 51: 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beck, A.T. 1972. Depression: Causes and Treatment. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Beck, A.T., and Lester, A.T. 1973. Components of depression in attempted suicides. J. Psychol. 85: 257–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Beck, A.T., and Beamesderfer, A. 1974. Assessment of depression: The depression inventory. In: P. Pichot (ed.), Psychological Measurements in Psychopharmacology, Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, pp. 151–169, Vol.7. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., and Erbaugh, J. 1961. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4: 561–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beck, A.T., Rial, W. Y., and Rickels, K. 1974. Short form of depression inventory: Cross validation. Psychol. Rep. 34: 1184–1186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Beck, A.T., Weissman, A., and Kovacs, M. 1976. Alcoholism, hopelessness and suicidal behavior. J. Stud. Alcohol 37: 66–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bellak, L., and Rosenberg, S. 1966. Effects of anti-depressant drugs on psychodynamics. Psychosomatic Medicine 7: 106–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Berndt, D.J. 1979. Taking items out of context: Dimensional shifts with the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychol. Rep. 45: 569–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bierman, K.L. 1981. Relationship between stability of cognition and stability of depressive mood. Psychol. Rep. 48: 295–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bigman, A., and Crocker, D. 1982. Effects of pleasant-activities manipulation on depression. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 50: 436–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bilikiewicz, A., and Landowski, J. 1976. Evaluation of antidepressive action of maprotyline. Psychiatr. Pol. 10: 367–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Biro, M., Bozic, N., and Grmusa, M. 1974. MMPI and Beck scale for diagnosing depression. Anal. Zav. Mental. Zdrav. 6: 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Blackburn, I.M., and Bishop, S. 1981. Is there an alternative to drugs in the treatment of depressed ambulatory patients? Behavioral Psychotherapy 9: 96–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Blackburn, I.M., Bishop, S., Glen, A.I.M., Whalley, L.J., and Christie, W. 1981. The efficacy of cognitive therapy in depression: A treatment trial using cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, each alone and in combination. Br. J. Psychiatry 139: 181–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bloom, P.M., and Brady, J. P. 1968. An ipsative validation of the multiple affect adjective check list. J. Clin. Psychol. 24: 45–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bluhm, H.P., Glover, D., and Sanford, M.E. 1979. The at-home multidisciplinary rehabilitation team: A new trend in cancer rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin June: 419–423.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Blumberg, B.S., and London, W.T. 1980. Hepatitis B virus and primary hepato-cellular carcinoma: Relationship of “icrons” to cancer. Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers 7: 150–155.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bosse, J.J., Croghan, L.M., Greenstein, M.B., Katz, N.W., Oliver, J.M., Powell, D.A., and Smith, W.R. 1975. Frequency of depression in the freshman year as measured in a random sample by a retrospective version of the BDI. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 43: 746–747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Braff, D.L., and Beck, A.T. 1974. Thinking disorder in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31: 456–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Broadhurst, A.D. 1970. L-Tryptophan vs. ECT (letter). Lancet 1: 1392–1392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Brooksbank, B.W.L., and Coppen, A. 1967. Plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid in affective disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 113: 395–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brumback, R., and Station, D. 1980. Neuropsychological study of children during and after remission of endogenous depressive episodes. Percept. Mot. Skills 50: 1163–1167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bumberry, W., Oliver, J.M., and McClure, J.N. 1978. Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory in a university population using psychiatric estimate as the criterion. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 46: 150–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Burkhart, B.R., Gynther, M. D., and Fromuth, M.D. 1980. The relative predictive validity of subtle vs. obvious items on the MMPI depression scale. J. Clin. Psychol. 36: 748–751.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Burrows, G.D., Davies, B., and Scroggins, B.A. 1972. Plasma concentration of nontriptyline and clinical response in depressive illness. Lancet 2: 619–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Burrows, G.D., Foenander, G., Davies, B., and Scoggins, B.A. 1976. Rating scales as predictors of response to tricyclic antidepressants. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 10: 53–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bursten, B., and Rass, J. J. 1965. Preoperative psychological state and corticosteroid levels of surgical patients. Psychosom. Med. 27: 309–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Butensky, A., Faralli, V., Hubner, D., and Waldron, J. 1976. Elements of the coronary prone behavior pattern in children and teenagers. J. Psychosom. Res. 20: 439–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Carlson, G.A., and Cantwell, D.P. 1980. A survey of depressive symptoms, syndrome and disorder in a child psychiatric population. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry 21: 10–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Carney, R.M., Hong, B.A., O’Connell, M.F., and Amado, H. 1981. Facial electromyography as a predictor of treatment outcome in depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 138: 485–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Carroll, B.J. 1971. Monoamine precursors in the treatment of depression. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 12: 743–761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Carroll, B.J., Feinberg, M., Smouse, P.E., Rawson, S.G., and Greden, J.F. 1981. The Carroll rating scale for depression. I. Development, reliability and validation. Br. J. Psychiatry 138: 194–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chiles, J.A., Miller, M.L., and Cox, G.B. 1980. Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37: 1179–1184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Christenfeld, R., Lubin, B., and Satin, M. 1978. Concurrent validity of the Depression Adjective Checklist in a normal population. Am. J. Psychiatry 135: 582–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Claghorn, J.L., Mathew, R.J., Weinman, M.L., and Hruska, N. 1981. Daytime drowsiness and other sleep related symptoms such as attention and concentration difficulties, blurred vision and daytime sleepiness in depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 42: 342–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cohen, E., and Hunter, I. 1978. Severity of depression differentiated by a color selection test. Am. J. Psychiatry 135: 611–612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Coleman, R.E., and Miller, A.G. 1975. The relationship between depression and marital maladjustment in a clinic population: A multitrait-multimethod study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 43: 647–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Comas-Diaz, L. 1981. Effects of cognitive and behavioral group treatment on the depressive symptomatology of Puerto Rican women. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 49: 627–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Coppen, A., and Metcalfe, M. 1972. Levodopa and L-trytophan therapy in Parkinsonism. Lancet 1: 654–658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Coppen, A., Prange, A.T., Whybrow, P.C., and Noguora, R. 1972. Abnormalities of indoleamines in affective disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26: 474–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Coppen, A., Whybrow, P.C., Noguera, R., Maggs, R., and Prange, A.J. 1972. The comparative antidepressant value of L-trytophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liethrenine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26: 234–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Costello, C.G., Belton, G.P., Abra, J.C., and Dunn, B.E. 1970. The amnesic and therapeutic effects of bilateral and unilateral ECT. Br.J.Psychiatry 116: 69–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Creden, J.F., Fontaine, P., Lubetsky, M., and Chamberlain, K. 1978. Anxiety and depression associated with caffeinism among psychiatric inpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry 135: 963–966.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cronin, D., Bedley, P., Potts, L., Mather, M.D., Gardner, R.K., and Tobin, J.D. 1970. Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A study of memory disturbance and relief from depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 33: 705–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cropley, A.J., and Weckowicz, T.E. 1966. The dimensionality of clinical depression. Australian Journal of Psychology 18: 18–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Cytryn, L., McKnew, D.H., Jr., and Bunney, W.E., Jr. 1980. Diagnosis of depression in children: A reassessment. Am. J. Psychiatry 137: 22–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Davies, B., Burrows, G., and Poynton, C. 1975. A comparative study of fair depression rating scales. Aust. N.Z.J. Psychiatry 9: 21–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Delay, J., Pichot, P., Mirouze, R., and Peyrouzet, J.M. 1963. La nosologie des états dépressifs. Rapports entre l’étiologie et la sémiologie. 1. Position du problème. Encéphale 52: 481–496.

    Google Scholar 

  61. DeLeon, G. 1974. Phoenix House: Psychopathological signs among male and female drug-free residents. Addictive Diseases 1: 135–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. DeMonbrean, B.G., and Craighead, E. 1977. Distortion of perception and recalled positive and neutral feedback in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1: 311–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Derry, P.A., and Kuiper, N.A. 1981. Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 90: 286–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Dobson, D.J., and Dobson, K.S. 1981. Problem-solving strategies in depressed and non-depressed college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research 5: 237–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Donovan, D.M., and O’Leary, M.R. 1976. Relationship between distortions in self-perception of depression and psychopathology. J. Clin. Psychol. 32: 16–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Donovan, D.M., and O’Leary, M.R. 1979. Depression, hypomania, and the expectation of future success among alcoholics. Cognitive Therapy and Research 3: 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Dorus, W., and Senay, E.C. 1980. Depression, demographic dimensions, and drug abuse. Am. J. Psychiatry 137: 699–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ellis, E.M., Atkeson, B.M., and Calhoun, K.S. 1981. An assessment of long-term reaction to rape. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 90: 263–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Evans, R.G., and Dinning, W.D. 1978. Reductions in experienced control and depression in psychiatric inpatients: A test of the learned helplessness model. J. Clin. Psychol. 34: 609–613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Fava, G.A., Perini, G.I., Santonastaso, P., and Fomasa, C.V. 1980. Life events and psychiatric distress in dermatological disease, psoriasis, chronic urticaria, and fungal infections. Br. J. Med. Psychiatry 53: 277–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fischer, N. 1967. Obesity, affect, and therapeutic starvation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 17: 227–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Flegel, H. 1967. Probleme der Versuchsanordnung bei der klinischen Pruning von Thymoleptika, Activ. Nerv. Super (Praha) 6: 383–385.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fleminger, J.J., Home, D.J., Hair, N.P.V., and Hott, P.N. 1970. Differential effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT. Am. J. Psychiat. 127: 430–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Forrest, M.S., and Hokanson, J.E. 1975. Depression and autonomic arousal reduction accompanying self-punitive behavior. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 84: 346–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Freeman, E. et al. 1979. Emotional distress patterns among women having first or repeat abortions. Obstet. Gynecol. 55: 630–636.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Frost, R.O., Graf, M., and Becker, J. 1979. Self-devaluation and depressed mood. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 47: 958–962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gallagher, D., Nies, G., and Thompson, L.W. 1982. Reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory with older adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 50: 152–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gibson, S., and Becker, J. 1973. Alcoholism and depression: The factor structure of alcoholics’ responses to depression inventories. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 34: 400–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gotlib, I.H., and Asarnow, R.F. 1979. Interpersonal and impersonal problem-solving skills in mildly and clinically depressed university students. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 47: 86–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Golin, S., and Terrell, F. 1977. Motivational and associative aspects of mild depression in skill and chance tests. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 86: 389–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Golin, S., and Hartz, M.A. 1979. A factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory in a mildly depressed population. J. Clin. Psychol. 35: 323–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Gottschalk, L.A., Gleser, G.C., and Springer, K.J. 1963. Three hostility scales applicable to verbal samples. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 9: 254–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Graff, H. 1965. Overweight and emotions in the obesity clinic. Psychosom. Med. 6: 89–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Graff, H., Hammett, V. B.B., Bash, N., Fackler, W., Yanovski, A., and Goldman, A. 1966. Results of four antismoking therapy methods. Penn. Med. J. 69: 39–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Green, W.J., and Stafduhar, P.P. 1966. The effect of ECT on the sleep dream cycle in a psychotic depression. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 143: 123–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Grosscup, S.J., and Lewinsohn, P.M. 1980. Unpleasant and pleasant events, and mood. J. Clin. Psychol. 36: 252–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hammen, C.L. 1978. Depression, distortion and life stress in college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2: 189–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Hammen, C.L. 1980. Depression in college students: Beyond the Beck Depression Inventory. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 48: 126–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hammen, C.L., and Padesky, C.A. 1977. Sex differences in the expression of depressive responses on the BDI. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 36: 609–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Harvey, D.M. 1981. Depression and attributional style: Interpretations of important personal events. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 90: 134–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hauri, P., and Hawkins, D.R. 1972. Sleep of depressed patients in remission. Psychophysiology 9: 136.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Heimann, Von H., Hursch, L., Eisert, H.G., and Huber, H. 1969. Klinische und experimentelle Objektivierung von Stimmungsveränderungen. Arzneimittelforsch. 19: 467–469.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Herzberg, B., Coppen, A., and Marks, V. 1968. Glucose tolerance in depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 114: 627–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Herzberg, B.N., Johnson, A.L., and Brown, S. 1970. Depressive symptoms and oral contraceptives. Br. Med. J. 5728: 142–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Hussian, R.A., and Lawrence, P. S. 1981. Social reinforcement of activity and problem-solving training in the treatment of depressed institutionalized elderly patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research 5: 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Jain, V.K. 1971. Affective disturbance in hypothyroidism. Br. J. Psychiatry 119: 279–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Jakobson, T., Stenback, A., Strandstrom, L., and Rimon, R. 1966. The excretion of urinary 11-deoxy-and 11-oxy-17-hydroxycorticosteroid in depressive patients during basal conditions and during the administration of methopyrapone. J. Psychosom. Res. 9: 363–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Jarvinen, P. J., and Gold, S. R. 1981. Imagery as an aid in reducing depression. J. Clin. Psychol. 37: 523–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Johnson, D.A.W., and Heather, B.B. 1974. The sensitivity of the Beck Depression Inventory to changes to symptomatology. Br. J. Psychiatry 125: 184–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kaplan, S. L., Nissbaum, M., Skomorowsky, P., Shanker, I. R., and Ramsey, P. 1980. Health habits and depression in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 9: 299–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Kazdin, A.E. 1981. Assessment techniques for childhood depression: a critical appraisal. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 20: 358–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Keltikansas, J., Jarvinen, H., and Lehtonen, T. 1981. Psychic disturbances in patients with chronic prostatitis. Ann. Clin. Res. 13: 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Kilpatrick, T. B., and Roth, S. 1978. An attempt to reverse performance deficits associated with depression and experimentally induced helplessness. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 87: 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Khatami, M., and Rush, A.J. 1978. A pilot study of the treatment of outpatients with chronic pain: Symptom control, stimulus control and social system intervention. Pain 5: 164–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Kovacs, M. 1981. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsy-chiatrica (Basel) 46: 305–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kovacs, M., and Beck, A.T. 1977. An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In: J. G. Schuterbrandt and A. Raskin (eds.), Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Conceptual Models. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kovacs, M., Rush, A.J., Beck, A.T., and Hollon, S.D. 1981. Depressed outpatients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy: A one-year follow-up. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38: 33–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Krantz, S., and Hammen, C.L. 1979. Assessment of cognitive bias in depression. J. Abnorm. Psychiatry 88: 611–619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Langevin, R., and Stancer, H. 1979. Evidence that depression rating scales primarily measure a social undesirability response set. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 59: 70–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lefkowitz, M. M., and Tesiny, E. P. 1980. Assessment of childhood depression. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 48: 43–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Leiber, L., Plumb, M. M., Gerstenzang, M. L., and Holland, J. 1976. The communication of affection between cancer patients and their spouses. Psychosom. Med. 38: 379–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lester, D., and Beck, A.T. 1975. Attempted suicide in alcoholics and drug addicts. J. Stud. Alcohol 36: 162–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lipsedge, M. S., and Rees, W. L. 1971. A double-blind comparison of doxepin and amitriptyline for the treatment of depression with anxiety. Psychopharmacologia 19: 153–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Lips, H. M. 1982. Somatic and emotional aspects of the normal pregnancy experience: The first 5 months. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142: 524–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Little, J.C., and McPhail, N. I. 1973. Measures of depressive mood at monthly intervals. Br. J. Psychiatry 122: 447–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Loeb, A., Beck, A.T., and Diggory, J. 1971. Differential effects of success and failure on depressed and non-depressed patients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 152: 106–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lopez, V. C., and Chamorro, T. E. 1976. Influencia de la edad, sexo y estado civil en el inventario de Beck. Actas Luso Esp. Neurol. Psiquiatr. 4: 105–140.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Lopez, V. C., Chamorro, T. E., and Serrano, E. U. 1976. Critical review of the Spanish adaptation of the Beck Questionnaire. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada 31: 469–497.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Lubin, B. 1966. Fourteen brief depression adjective checklists. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 15: 205–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lukesch, H. 1974. Test criteria of the depression inventory of A.T. Beck. Psychologische Praxis (Basel) 18: 60–78.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Marsella, A.J., Sanborn, K. O., Kamooka, V., Shizuru, L., and Brennan, J. 1975. Cross-validation of self-report measures of depression among normal populations of Japanese, Chinese, and Caucasian ancestry. J. Clin. Psychol. 31: 281–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. May, A.E., Urquhart, A., and Tarran, J. 1969. Self-evaluation of depression in various diagnostic and therapeutic groups. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 21: 191–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mayer, J. M. 1977. Assessment of depression. In: P. M. Reynolds (ed.), Advances in Psychological Assessment, pp. 358–425, Vol.4. Jossig-Boss, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Mayeux, R., Stern, Y., Rosen, J., and Leventhal, J. 1981. Depression, intellectual impairment, and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 31: 645–650.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. McLean, P.D., and Hakstian, A.R. 1979. Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient treatments. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 47: 818–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Meites, K., Lovallo, W., and Pishkin, V. 1980. A comparison of four scales for anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. J. Clin. Psychol. 36: 427–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Mendels, J., and Hawkins, D.R. 1971. Sleep and depression. IV. Longitudinal studies. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 153: 251–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Mendels, J., Secunda, S.K., and Dyson, W.L. 1972. A controlled study of the antidepressant effects of lithium carbonate. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26: 154–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Metcalfe, M., and Goldman, E. 1965. Validation of an inventory for measuring depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 111: 240–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Miller, W.R., and Seligman, M.E.P. 1975. Depression and learned helplessness in men. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 84: 228–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Moffic, H.A., and Paykel, E.S. 1975. Depression in medical inpatients. Br. J. Psychiatry 126: 346–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Mohamed, S.N., Weisz, G.M., and Waring, E.M. 1978. The relationship of chronic pain to depression, marital adjustment and family dynamics. Pain 5: 285–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Morris, T. 1979. Psychological adjustment to mastectomy. Cancer Treat. Rev. 6: 41–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Nace, E.P., Meyers, A.L., O’Brien, C.P., Ream, N., and Mintz, J. 1977. Depression in veterans two years after Vietnam. Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 167–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Nelson, R.E., and Craighead, W.E. 1977. Selective recall of positive and negative feedback, self-control behaviors, and depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 86: 379–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Nelson, R.E., and Craighead, W.E. 1981. Tests of a self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy 12: 123–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Nielson, A.C., and Williams, T.A. 1980. Depression in ambulatory medical patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37: 999–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. O’Leary, M.R., Donovan, D., Cysewski, B., and Chaney, E.F. 1977. Perceived locus of control, experienced control and depression: A trait model of depression. J. Clin. Psychol. 33: 164–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Oliver, J.M., and Burkham, R. 1979. Depression in university students: Duration, relation to calendar time, prevalence, and demographic correlates. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 88: 667–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Parens, H., McConville, B.J., and Kaplan, S.M. 1966. The prediction of frequency of illness from the response to separation: A preliminary study and replication attempt. Psychosom. Med. 28: 162–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Philip, A.E. 1971. Psychometric changes associated with response to drug treatment. Brit. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 10: 138–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Pichot, R., and Lemperiere, T. 1964. Analyse factorielle d’un questionnaire d’auto-évaluation des symptomes dépressifs. Revue de Psychologie Appliquée 14: 15–29.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Piper, D.W., Ariotti, D., Greis, M., and Brown, R. 1980. Chronic duodenal ulcer and depression. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 15: 201–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Plumb, M.M., and Holland, J. 1977. Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer-1. Self-reported depressive symptoms. Psychom. Med. 39: 264–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Prociuk, T.J., Breen, L.J., and Lussier, R.J. 1976. Hopelessness, internal-external locus of control, and depression. J. Clin. Psychol. 32: 299–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Reynolds, E.H. 1970. Water, electrolytes and epilepsy. J. Neurol. Sci. 11: 327–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Reynolds, W.M., and Gould, J.W. 1981. A psychometric investigation of the standard and short form Beck Depression Inventory. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 49: 306–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Rhodes, L.M. 1981. Social climate perception and depression of patients and staff in a chronic hemodialysis unit. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 169: 169–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Rimon, R., Stenback, A., and Huhman, E. 1966. Electromyographic findings in depressive patients. J. Psychosom. Res. 10: 159–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Roth, D., Rehm, L.P., and Rozensky, R.H. 1980. Self-reward, self-punishment, and depression. Psychol. Rep. 47: 3–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Rounsaville, B.J., Weissman, M.M., Rosenberger, P.H., Wilber, C.H., and Kleber, H.D. 1979. Detecting depressive disorders in drug abusers: A comparison of screening instruments. J. Affect. Disord. 1: 255–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Rush, A.J., Beck, A.T., Kovacs, A.T., and Hollon, S. 1977. Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1: 17–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Sacco, W.P. 1981. Invalid use of the Beck Depression Inventory to identify depressed college-student subjects: A methodological comment. Cognitive Therapy and Research 5: 143–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Sacco, W.P., and Hokanson, J.E. 1978. Performance satisfaction of depressives under high and low success conditions. J. Clin. Psychol. 34: 907–909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Salkind, M.R. 1969. Beck Depression Inventory in a general practice. J.R. Coll. Gen. Pract. 18: 267–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Saulnier, K., and Perlman, D. 1981. Inmates’ attributions: Their antecedents and effects on coping. Criminal Justice Behavior 8: 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Schneider, M., and Brotherton, P. 1979. Physiological, psychological and situational stresses in depression during the climacteric. Maturitas 1: 153–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Schneider, M.A., Brotherton, P.L., and Hailes, J. 1977. Effect of exogenous oestrogens on depression in menopausal women. Med. J. Aust. 2: 162–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Schuffel, W., Schaumburg, C., Schenecke, O., and Wolfert, W. 1973. Functional abdominal complaints as a neurotic symptom. Psychother. Psychosom. 21: 235–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Schnurr, R., Hoaken, P.C., and Jarrett, F.J. 1976. Comparison of depression inventories in a clinical population. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 21: 473–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Schwab, J.J., Brown, J.M., and Holzer, C.E. 1968. Depression in medical inpatients with gastrointestinal diseases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 49: 146–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Schwarz, J., Conrad, R., and Zuroff, D.C. 1979. Family structure and depression in female college students: Effects of parental conflict, decision-making power, and inconsistency of love. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 88: 398–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Shaw, B.F., Steer, R.A., Beck, A.T., and Schut, J. 1979. The structure of depression in heroin addicts. Br. J. Addict. 74: 295–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Shinfuku, N. 1973. Diagnosis of manic-depressive illness with special emphasis on the basic problems of diagnosis of depressive illness. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2: 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Silver, M.A., Bohnert, M., Beck, A.T., and Marcus, D. 1971. Relation of depression of attempted suicide and seriousness of intent. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 25: 573–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Simpson, S., Woods, R., and Britton, P. 1981. Depression and engagement in a residential home for the elderly. Behav. Res. Ther. 19: 435–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L., Endicott, J., and Cohen, J. 1967. Mental status schedule: Properties of factor analytically derived scales. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 16: 479–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Steer, R.A., Shaw, B.F., Beck, A.T., and Fine, E.W. 1977. Structure of depression in black alcoholic men. Psychol. Rep. 41: 1235–1241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Steer, R.A., Emery, G.C., and Beck, A.T. 1980. Correlates of self-reported and clinically assessed depression in male heroin addicts. J. Clin. Psychol. 36: 798–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Steer, R.A., McElroy, M., and Beck, A.T. 1982. Structure of depression in alcoholic men: A partial replication. Psychol. Rep. 50: 723–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Stenback, A., Jakobson, T., and Rimon, R. 1966. Depression and anxiety ratings in relation to the excretion of urinary total 17-OHCS in depressive subjects. J. Psychosom. Res. 9: 355–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Strober, M., Green, J., and Carlson, G. 1981. Utility of the Beck Depression Inventory with psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 49: 482–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Sullivan, B.J. 1979. Adjustment in diabetic adolescent girls: II. Adjustment, self-esteem, and depression in diabetic adolescent girls. Psychosom. Med. 41: 127–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Tanaka, J.S., and Huba, G.J. 1982. Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis establishing a general depression factor. Paper presented at the 1982 Annual Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Sacramento, CA, April, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Tarighati, S. 1980. An exploratory study on depression in Iranian addicts. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 26: 196–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Taylor, F.G., and Marshall, W.L. 1977. Experimental analysis of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1: 59–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Teiramaa, E. 1977. Psychosocial factors in the onset and course of asthma: A clinical study of 100 patients. Acta Universitatis Ouluonsis D-14: 135.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Watson, J.P., and Bamber, R.W. 1980. Some relationships between sex, marriage, and mood. J. Int. Med. Res. 8: 14–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Weckowicz, T.E., Muir, W., and Cropley, A.J. 1967. A factor analysis of the Beck inventory of depression. J. Consult. Psychol. 31: 193–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. West, E.D. 1981. Electric convulsion therapy in depression: A double-blind controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 282: 355–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Whiting, S. 1981. The problem of depression in adolescence. Adolescence 16: 67–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Widmann, D.E., Prange, A.J., and Cochrane, C.M. 1967. Sleep as a sign and as a symptom in depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System 28: 314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Wiet, S.G. 1981. Some quantitative hemispheric EEG measures reflecting the affective profile of students differing in university academic success. Biol. Psychol. 12: 25–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Williams, J.G., Barlow, D.H., and Agras, W.S. 1972. Behavioral measurement of severe depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27: 330–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Winokur, A., Rickels, K., Garcia, C., Huggins, G., and Guthrie, M. 1979. Emotional distress in family planning service patients. Advances in Planned Parenthood 14: 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Zemore, R., and Eames, N. 1979. Psychic and somatic symptoms of depression among young adults. Institutionalized aged and noninstitutionalized aged. J. Gerontol. 34: 716–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Zielinski, J.J. 1978. Situational determinants of assertive behavior in depressed alcoholics. J. Behav. Exp. Psychiatry 9: 103–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. A. Steer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. T. Beck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Garrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization, CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland

    Norman Sartorius (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle) (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle)

  2. University of Zagreb, Croatia

    Norman Sartorius (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle) (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle)

  3. Université de Genève, Switzerland

    Norman Sartorius (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle) (Director, Professor of Psychiatry, Professeur invité à charge partielle)

  4. Vanderbilt University, 242 Medical Arts Building 1211 21st Avenue, South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA

    Thomas A. Ban (Professor of Psychiatry) (Professor of Psychiatry)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steer, R.A., Beck, A.T., Garrison, B. (1986). Applications of the Beck Depression Inventory. In: Sartorius, N., Ban, T.A. (eds) Assessment of Depression. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70486-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70486-4_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70488-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70486-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation