Abstract
Substantial proportions of organic substances which originate in plants or animals eventually reach the soil, where they may remain for only a few hours or days if they are readily decomposable (Heath et al., 1966), or as long as several decades if they decay slowly (Kendrick, 1959). The plant material ranges from bacteria, fungal hyphae and soft leaf tissue to tough woody substances. Animal materials range from single-celled protozoa, nematodes, soft-bodied worms and insect larvae through arthropods with tough exoskeletons to large vertebrate animals and excreta.
Contribution No.4 from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome, US-IBP
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Attiwill, P. M.: The loss of elements from decomposing litter. Ecology 49, 142–145 (1968).
Beck, L.: Aus den Regenwäldern am Amazonas. I. Natur. und Mus. 98, 24–32 (1968).
Bertalanffy, L. von: Basic concepts in quantitative biology of metabolism. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 9, 5–37 (1964).
Berthet, P.: Mesure de la consommation d’oxygene des Oribatides (Acariens) de la litiere des forests, pp. 18–31. In: Soil organisms. (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Bocock, K. L.: The digestion and assimilation of food by Glomeris, pp. 85–91. In Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Bocock, K. L., and O. J. W. Gilbert: The disappearance of leaf litter under different woodland conditions. Plant and Soil 9, 179–185 (1957).
Bornebusch, C. H.: The fauna of forest soil. Forstl. Forsögswaesen Copenhagen 11, 1–224 (1930).
Bray, J. R., and E. Gorham: Litter production in forests of the world. Advan. Ecol. Res. 2, 101–157 (1964).
Braun, A.: Die Sukzession der Dipteran-larven bei der Stockhumifizierung. Z. Morphol. & Oekol. Tiere 43, 313–320 (1954).
Brody, C.: Biogenesis and growth. New York: Hafner Publ. Comp. 1964.
Chekalov, K. I., and V. P. Illyuvieva: Use of the C14 isotope for the study of the decomposition of organic matter in soil. Soviet Soil Sci. 5, 482–490 (1962). (Engl. transl.).
Clark, E. W.: A review of literature on calcium and magnesium in insects. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 51, 142–154 (1958).
Clark, F. E.: Bacteria in soil, pp. 15–49. In: Soil biology (Burges, A., and F. Raw, Eds.). London: Academic Press 1967.
Conway, E. J.: Microdiffusion and volumetric error. London: C. Lockwood. 1962.
Crossley, D. A. Jr., and M. Hoglund: A litter-bag method for the study of microarthropods inhabiting leaf litter. Ecology 43, 571–574 (1962).
Crossley, D. A. Jr., and M. Witkamp: Forest soil mites and mineral cycling. Acarologia, 137–145 (1964).
Cummins, K. W.: Calorific Equivalents for Studies in Ecological Energetics. Pymatuning Laboratory, Univ. Pittsburg, privately circulated. 52 pp. (1967).
Davey, S. P.: Effects of Chemicals on Earthworms: A Review of the Literature. Special Report No. 74., U.S.D.I., Washington. 20 pp. (1963).
Drift, van der, J.: Analysis of the animal community in a beech forest floor. Wageningen: Ponsen and Looijen 1–168 (1951).
Drift, van der, J.: The disappearance of litter in mull and mor in connection with weather conditions and the activity of the macrofauna, pp. 125–133. In: Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Drift, van der, and M. Witkamp: The significance of the break-down of oak litter by Enoicyla pusilla Burm. Arch. Neerland. Zool. 13, 486–492 (1960).
Dybas, H. S., and D. D. Davis: A population census of seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada). Ecology 43, 432–443 (1962).
Dunger, W.: Über die Veränderung des Fallaubes in Darm von Bodentieren. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Düng. Bodenk. 82, 174–193 (1958).
Edwards, C. A.: Persistence of insecticides in the soil. New Scientist 19, 282–284 (1963).
Edwards, C. A.: Effects of soil insecticides on soil invertebrates and plants, pp. 239–261. In: Ecology and the industrial society. Oxford: Blackwell 1965.
Edwards, C. A.: Relationships between weights, volumes and numbers of soil animals, pp. 585–594. In: Progress in Soil Biology (Graff, O., and J. E. Satchell, Eds.). Braunschweig-Amsterdam: Vieweg 1967.
Edwards, C. A., and G. K. A. Buahin: The recolonization of sterilized soil by invertebrates, pp. 149–150. In: Rep. Rothamsted Exp. Stn. for 1963, Harpenden, England (1964).
Edwards, C. A., and E. B. Dennis: Some effects of Aldrin and DDT on the soil fauna of arable land. Nature 188, 767 (1960).
Edwards, C. A., and E. Gunn: Control of the glasshouse millipede. Plant Pathol. 10, 21–24 (1961).
Edwards, C. A., and K. E. Fletcher: Terrestrial arthropod populations. In: Methods for the study of production and energy flow in soil ecosystems (J. Phillipson, Ed.). (in press).
Edwards, C. A., and G. W. Heath: The role of soil animals in breakdown of leaf material, pp. 76–84. In: Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Edwards, C. A., E. B. Dennis, and D. W. Empson: Pesticides and the soil fauna. I. Effects of Aldrin and DDT in an arable field. Ann. Appl. Biol. 60, 11–22 (1967).
Edwards, C. A., J. R. Lofty, and A. R. Thompson: Changes in soil invertebrate populations due to some organophosphorus insecticides, Proc. 4th Brit. Insecticide and Fungicide Conf. 48–55 (1968).
Edwards, C. A., D. E. Reichle, and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Experimental manipulation of soil invertebrate populations for trophic stidies. Ecology 50, 495–498 (1969).
Engelmann, M. D.: The role of soil arthropods in the energetics of an old field community. Ecol. Monogr. 31, 221–238 (1961).
Engelmann, M. D.: Energetics, terrestrial field studies, and animal productivity. Advan. Ecol. Res. 3, 73–115 (1966).
Feeny, P. P., and H. Bostock: Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves. Phytochem. 7, 87–90 (1968).
Franz, H., and L. Leitenberger: Biologisch-chemische Untersuchungen über Humusbildung durch Bodentiere, Österr. Zool. 1, 498–518 (1948).
French, C. E., S. A. Liscinsky, and D. R. Miller: Nutrient composition of earthworms. J. Wildl. Manage. 21, 348 (1957).
Gasdorf, E. C., and C. J. Goodnight: Studies on the ecology of soil arachnids. Ecology 44, 261–268 (1963).
Gere, G.: The examination of the feeding biology and the humificative function of Diplopoda and Isopoda. Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 6, 257–271 (1956).
Gere, G.: Über einige Faktoren des Streuabbaues, pp. 67–75. In: Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Ghilarov, M. S.: Distribution of humus, root-systems and soil invertebrates within the soil of the walnut forests of the Ferghana mountain range. Compt. Rend. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 55, 49–52 (1947).
Ghilarov, M. S.: Simpozium po pochvennoi fauna v Kieve. Pocvovedenie 1962 (9), 1 (1962).
Ghilarov, M. S.: Opreditel’ obitayushchikh v pochve lichinok nasekomykh, 919 pp. Akademiya Nauk SSR 1964.
Golley, F. B.: Energy values of ecological materials. Ecology 42, 581–584 (1961).
Grigor’eva, T.: Wirkung des in den Boden eingebrachten Hexachlorans auf die Bodenfauna. Ber. allruss. Akad. Landwirtschwiss. Moskau 12, 16–20 (1952).
Hamilton, D. W.: Periodical cicadas, Magicicada spp., as pests in apple orchards. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 71, 116–121 (1961).
Handley, W. R. C.: Mull and mor formation in relation to forest soils. Bull. For. Comm. London 23, 1–115 (1954).
Harris, L. E.: Glossary of energy terms and their biological interrelationships, Washington: National Academy of Sciences 1966.
Hartenstein, R.: Soil Oribatei. I. Feeding specificity among forest soil Oribatei (Acarina). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 55, 202–206 (1962).
Healey, I. N.: The energy flow through a population of soil Collembola, pp. 695–708. In: Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems (Petrusewicz, K., Ed.). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Heath, G. W., and M. K. Arnold: Studies in leaf-litter breakdown. II. Breakdown rate of “sun” and “shade” leaves. Pedobiol. 6, 238–243 (1966).
Heath, G. W., and H. G. C. King: The palatability of litter to soil fauna, Proc. VIIIth Int. Cong. Soil Sci. Bucharest 979–986 (1964).
Heath, G. W., M. K. Arnold, and C. A. Edwards: Studies in leaf litter breakdown. I. Breakdown rates among leaves of different species. Pedobiol. 6, 1–12 (1966).
Heath, G. W., C. A. Edwards, and M. K. Arnold: Some methods for assessing the activity of soil animals in the breakdown of leaves. Pedobiol. 4, 80–87 (1964).
Heath, G. W., and A. E. Whiting: Studies in leaf litter breakdown. III. The influence of leaf age. Pedobiol. (in press).
Howard, P. J. A.: A method for the estimation of carbon dioxide evolved from the surface of soil in the field. Oikos 17, 267–271 (1966).
Hubbell, S. P., A. Sikora, and O. H. Paris: Radiotracer, gravimetric and calorimetric studies of ingestion and assimilation rates of an isopod. Health Phys. 11, 1485–1501(1965).
Ito, Y.: Preliminary studies on the respiratory energy loss of a spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata. Res. Population Ecol. 6, 13–21 (1964).
Karg, W.: Die exaphischen Acarina in ihren Beziehungen zur Mikroflora und ihre Eignung als Anzeiger für Prozesse der Bodenbildung, pp. 305–315. In: Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
Kay, R. H.: Experimental biology: Measurement and analysis. New York: Reinhold Publ. Corp. 1964.
Kendrick, W. B.: The time factor in the decomposition of coniferous leaf litter. Can. J. Botany 37, 907–912 (1959).
Kendrick, W. B., and A. Burges: Biological aspects of the decay of Pinus sylvestris leaf litter. Nova Hedwigia 4, 313–342 (1962).
Kevan, D. K., McE.: Soil animals. London: Witherby 1962.
King, H. G. C., and G. W. Heath: The chemical analysis of small samples of leaf material and the relationship between the disappearance and composition of leaves. Pedobiol. 7, 192–197 (1967).
Kirita, H., and K. Hozumi: Re-examination of the absorption method of measuring soil respiration under field conditions. I. Effects of the amount of KOH on observed values. Phys. and Ecol. 14, 23–31 (1966).
Kitazawa, Y., S. Saito, and M. Nakamura: Animal communities of primeval ecosystems of Mt. Tanzawa (In Japanese), pp. 255–291. In: Scientific Report Tanzawa Mts. Yokohama: Kanagawaken. 1964.
Kollmansperger, F.: Lumbriciden in humiden und ariden Gebieten und ihre Bedeutung für die Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens. Rapp. VI Congr. Int. Sci. Sol. (Paris) C, 293–297 (1956).
Kozlovsky, D. G.: A critical evaluation of the trophic level concept. I. Ecological efficiencies. Ecology 49, 48–59 (1968).
Krishna, S. S., and N. B. Singh: Sugar-dye movement through the alimentary canal of Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera: Termitidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61, 230 (1968).
Kühnelt, W.: Soil-inhabiting arthropoda. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 8, 115–136 (1963).
Kurcheva, G. F.: The role of invertebrates in the decomposition of the oak leaf litter. Pocvovedenie 1960 (4), 16–23 (1960).
Kurcheva, G. F.: Wirbellose Tiere als der Faktor der Zersetzung von Waldstreu. Pedobiol. 4, 7–30 (1964).
Lindeman, R. L.: The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23, 399–418 (1942).
Lloyd, M., and H. S. Dybas: The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology. Evolution 20, 133–149 (1966).
Long, F. L.: Application of calorimetrie methods to ecological research. Plant Physiol. 9, 323–337 (1934).
Macfadyen, A.: Control of humidity in three funnel-type extractors for soil arthropods, pp. 158–168. In: Progress in soil zoology (P. W. Murphy, Ed.). London: Butterworth 1962.
Macfadyen, A.: The contribution of the microfauna to total soil metabolism, pp.3–17. In: Soil organisms (J. Doeksen, and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Comp. 1963.
Maciolek, J. A.: Limnological organic analyses by quantitative dichromate oxidation. Rept. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildlife 20, 1–61 (1962).
Madge, D. S.: Leaf fall and litter disappearance in a tropical forest. Pedobiol. 5, 273–288 (1965).
Madge, D. S.: How leaf litter disappears. New Sci. 113–115 (1966).
Malone, C. R.: A rapid method for enumeration of viable seeds in soil. Weeds 15, 381–382 (1967).
Marek, M.: Gesamtstoffwechsel der Insekten. 10. Änderungen der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Hausgrille (Gryllus domesticus L.) während der Postembryonalentwicklung. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohemosl. 15, 15–69 (1961).
McGinnis, A. J., and R. Kasting: Chronic oxide indicator method for measuring food utilization in a plant-feeding insect. Science 144, 1464–1465 (1964).
Menhinick, E. F.: Structure, stability, and energy flows in plants and arthropods in a Sericea lespedeza stand. Ecol. Monogr. 37, 255–272 (1967).
Milner, C.: The estimation of energy flow through populations of large herbivorous mammals, pp. 147–162. In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems (Petrusewicz, K., Ed.). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Mishima, J., and E. P. Odum: Excretion rate of Zn65 by Littorina irrorata in relation to temperature and body size. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 8, 39–44 (1963).
Mitchell, R. L.: The spectrochemical analysis of soils, plants, and related materials. Techn. Comm. No. 44, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, England, 1964.
Moulder, B. C., D. E. Reichle, and S. I. Auerbach: The significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forest floor arthropod communities. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, ORNL 4452. (1970).
Murphy, P. W.: Extraction methods for soil animals. I. Dynamic methods with particular reference to funnel processes, pp. 75–114. In: Progress in Soil Zoology (Murphy, P. W., Ed.). London: Butterworth 1962.
Murphy, P. W.: The biology of forest soils with special reference to the mesofauna or meiofauna. J. Soil. Sci. 4, 155–193 (1953).
Nakamura, M.: Bio-economics of some larval populations of pleurostict Scarabaeidae on the flood plain of the River Tamagawa. Japanese J. Ecol. 15, 1–18 (1965).
Newell, R. C.: Effect of temperature on the metabolism of poikilotherms. Nature 212, 426–428 (1966).
Nicholson, P. B., K. L. Bocock, and O. W. Heal: Studies on the decomposition of the faecal pellets of a millipede [Glomerismarginata (Villers)]. J. Ecol. 54, 755–766 (1966).
Nielsen, C. O.: Respiratory metabolism of some populations of enchytraeid worms and freeliving nematodes. Oikos 12, 17–35 (1961).
O’Connor, F. B.: Oxygen consumption and population metabolism of Enchytraeidae, pp. 32–48. In: Soil organisms (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift, Eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co. 1963.
O’Connor, F. B.: The Enchytraeidae, pp. 213–257. In: Soil biology (Burges, A., and F. Raw, Eds.). London: Academic Press 1967.
Odum, E. P., and E. J. Kuenzler: Experimental isolation of food chains in an old-field ecosystem with the use of phosphorus-32, pp. 113–120. In: Radioecology (Schultz, V., and A. W. Klement Jr., Eds.). New York: Reinhold Publ. Co., and Washington: ALBS 1962.
Odum, E. P., and F. Golley: Radioactive tracers as an aid to the measurement of energy flow at the population level in nature, pp. 403–410. In: Radioecology (Schultz, V., and A. W. Klement Jr., Eds.). New York: Reinhold Publ. Co., and Washington: AIBS 1963.
Olson, J. S.: Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44, 322–331 (1963).
Olson, J. S., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Tracer studies of the breakdown of forest litter, pp. 411–416. In: Radioecology (Schultz, V., and A. W. Klement Jr., Eds.). New York: Reinhold Publ. Co., and Washington: AIBS 1963.
Ovington, J. D.: Quantitative ecology and the woodland ecosystem concept. Advan. Ecol. Res. 1, 103–192 (1962).
Paris, O. H., and A. Sikora: Radiotracer demonstration o£ isopod herbivory. Ecology 46, 729–734 (1965).
Paris, O. H., and A. Sikora: Radiotracer analysis of the trophic dynamics of natural isopod populations, pp. 741 – 771. In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems (Petrusewicz, K., Ed.). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Park, O., and S. I. Auerbach: Further study of the tree-hole complex with emphasis on quantitative aspects of the fauna. Ecology 35, 208–222 (1954).
Patten, B. C., and M. Witkamp: Systems analysis of 184Cesium kinetics in terrestrial microcosms. Ecology 48, 813–824 (1967).
Peterson, J. B.: Dansk. botan. Ark. 8, 183 (1935).
Petrides, G. A.: The use of 51-chromium in the determination of energy flow in mammals. Proc. Symp. Recent Adv. Trop. Ecol. pp. 25–31 (1968).
Petrusewicz, K.: Concepts in studies on the secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems pp. 17–49. In: Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems (Petrusewicz, K., Ed.): Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Phillipson, J.: The food consumption of different instars of Mitopis morio (F.) (Phalangida) under natural conditions. J. Anim. Ecol. 29, 299–307 (1960).
Phillipson, J.: Respirometry and the study of energy turnover in natural systems with particular reference to harvest spiders (Phalangida). Oikos 13, 311–322 (1962).
Phillipson, J.: A miniature bomb calorimeter for small biological samples. Oikos 15, 130–139 (1964).
Phillipson, J.: Respiratory metabolism of the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus L. Oikos 16, 78–87 (1965).
Phillipson, J.: Ecological energetics. New York: St. Martin’s Press 1966.
Phillipson, J.: Studies on the bioenergetics of woodland Diplopoda, pp. 679–685. In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems (Petrusewicz, K., Ed.). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Raw, F.: Estimating earthworm populations by using formalin. Nature 184, 1661 (1959).
Raw, F.: Studies of earthworm populations in orchards. I. Leaf burial in apple orchards. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50, 389–404 (1962).
Raw, F.: Current work on side-effects of soil-applied organophosphorus insecticides. Ann. Appl. Biol. 55, 342–343 (1964).
Reichle, D.E.: Radioisotope turnover and energy flow in terrestrial isopod populations. Ecology 48, 351–366 (1967).
Reichle, D.E.: Relation of body size to food intake, oxygen consumption, and trace element metabolism in forest floor arthropods. Ecology 49, 538–542 (1968).
Reichle, D.E., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Radiocesium dispersion in a cryptozoan food web. Health Phys. 11, 1375–1384 (1965).
Reichle, D.E., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Investigations on heterotrophic productivity in forest insect communities, pp. 563–587. In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. (Petrusewicz, K. Ed.) Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1967.
Reichle, D.E., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Trophic level concentrations of cesium-137, sodium, and potassium in forest arthopods. pp. 678–686. In: Symposium on radioecology. (Nelson, D. J., and F. C. Evans Eds.) AEC-CONF 670503 (1969).
Reichle, D.E., and D. A. Crossley Jr., M. H. Shanks, and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Calcium, potassium, and sodium content of forest floor arthropods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62, 57–62 (1969).
Ritcher, P. O.: Biology of Scarabaeidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 3, 311–334 (1958).
Saito, S.: Productivity of high and low density populations of Japonaria laminata armigera (Diplopoda) in a warm-temperate forest ecosystem. Res. Pop. Ecol. 9, 153–166 (1967).
Sandner, H., and D. Cochy: Research on the effectiveness of fungal and bacterial insecticides. Ekologia Polska-Seria A, 15, 325–333 (1967).
Satchell, J. E.: Lumbricidae, pp.259–322. In: Soil biology. (Burges, A., and F. Raw Eds.) London: Academic Press 1967.
Satchell, J. E., and D. G. Lowe: Selection of leaf litter by Lumbricus terrestris, pp. 102–120. In: Progress in soil biology. (Graff, O., and J. E. Satchell Eds.) Amsterdam: Braunschweig 1967.
Sheals, J. G.: Soil population studies. I. The effects of cultivation and treatment with insecticides. Bull. Ent. Res. 47, 803–833 (1956).
Slobodkin, L. B.: Energy in animal ecology. Advan. Ecol. Res. 1, 69–101 (1962).
Slobodkin, L. B.: Experimental populations of Hydrida. J. Anim. Ecol. (Suppl.) 33, 131–148 (1964).
Slobodkin, L. B., and S. Richman: Calories/gm in species of animals. Nature 191, 299 (1961).
Southwood, T. R. E.: Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. London: Methuen and Co. 1966.
Stout, J. D., and O. W. Heal: Protozoa, pp. 149–195. In: Soil biology. (Burges, A., and F. Raw, Eds.) London: Academic Press 1967.
Thomas, W. A.: Accumulation and cycling of calcium by dogwood trees. Ecol. Monogr. 39, 101–120 (1969).
Tracey, M. V.: Cellulose and chitinose of earthworms. Nature 167, 776 (1951).
Treherne, J. E.: Glucose absorption in the cockroach. J. Expt. Biol. 34, 478–485 (1957).
Van Hook, R. I. Jr., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: Assimilation and biological turnover of cesium-134, iodine-131, and chromium-51 in brown crickets, Acheta domesticus (L.). Health Phys. 16, 463–467 (1969).
Waksman, S. A.: The origin and nature of the soil organic matter of soil humus. Soil Sci. 22, 123 (1936).
Went, J. C.: Influence of earthworms on the number of bacteria in the soil, pp. 260–265. In: Soil organisms. (Doeksen, J., and J. van der Drift Eds.) Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Comp. 1963.
Wiegert, R. G.: Population energetics of meadow spittelbugs (Philaenus spurmarius L.) as affected by migration and habitat. Ecol. Monogr. 34, 217–241 (1964).
Wiegert, R. G.: Intraspecific variation in calories/g of meadow spittelbugs (Philaenus spumar tus L.). Bio Science 15, 543–545 (1965).
Wieser, W. von: Untersuchungen über die Ernährung und den Gesamtstoffwechsel von Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda). Pediobol. 5, 304–331 (1965).
Wieser, W. von: Copper and the role of isopods in degradation of organic matter. Science 153, 67–69 (1966).
Wilde, S. A., and G. K. Voigt: Analysis of Soils and Plants for Foresters and Horticulturists. Ann. Arbor, Michigan: J. W. Edwards, Publ., Inc. 1955.
Will, A.: Körpergröße und O2-Konsum bei Schaben und Asseln (Isopoden). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 34, 20–25 (1952).
Willard, H. H., L. L. Merritt Jr., and J. A. Dean: Instrumental Methods of Analysis 4th Ed.). Princeton: D. van Nostrand Co. Inc. 1965.
Winterinhgam, F. P. W.: An electrolytic respirometer for insects. Laboratory Practice 7, 372–376 (1959).
Witkamp, M.: Decomposition of leaf litter in relation to environment, microflora and microbial respiration. Ecology 47, 194–201 (1966).
Witkamp, M., and D. A. Crossley Jr.: The role of arthropods and microflora in breakdown of white oak litter. Pedobiol. 6, 293–303 (1966).
Witkamp, M., and M. L. Frank: Retention and loss of cesium-137 by components of the groundcover in a pine (Pinus virginiana L.) stand. Health Phys. 13, 985–990 (1967).
Witkamp, M., and J. S. Olson: Breakdown of confined and nonconfined oak litter. Oikos 14, 138–147 (1963).
Wittich, W.: Untersuchungen über den Verlauf der Streuzersetzung auf einem Boden mit Mullzustand. II. Forstarchiv 19, 1–18 (1943).
Zachariae, G.: Zur Methodik bei Geländeuntersuchungen in der Bodenzoologie. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Düng. Bodenk. 97, 224–233 (1962).
Zeuthen, E.: Oxygen uptake as related to body size in organisms. Quart. Rev. Biol. 28, 1–12 (1953).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Edwards, C.A., Reichle, D.E., Crossley, D.A. (1973). The Role of Soil Invertebrates in Turnover of Organic Matter and Nutrients. In: Reichle, D.E. (eds) Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85587-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85587-0_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85589-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85587-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive