Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are the most widely spread type of fungal plant-root symbiosis, and the zygomycetes involved in these associations are often the most abundant fungi known in soil from all the continents (Harley 1991). Fungi closely resembling mycorrhizal fungi have also been described in the underground organs of fossils of early land plants, suggesting that roots and the mycorrhizal fungi probably have evolved together and are likely to have produced combinations suitably adapted for survival within the biotic communities of their origin (Simon et al. 1993).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott LK, Robson AD (1991) Factors influencing the occurrence of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 35: 121–128
Allen MF (1991) The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Allen MF (1992) Mycorrhizal functioning. An integrative plant-fungal process. Chapman ttt Hall, New York
Allen EB, Allen MF (1986) Water relations of xeric grasses in the field: interactions of mycorrhizae and competition. New Phytol 104: 559–571
Allen EB, Allen MF (1990) The mediation of competition by mycorrhizae in successional and patchy environments. In: Grace JB, Tilman GD (eds) Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, New York, pp 367–389
Allen MF, MacMahon JA (1985) Importance of disturbance of cold desert fungi: comparative microscale dispersion patterns. Pedologia 28: 215–224
Allen EB, Chambers JC, Conner KF, Allen MF, Brown RW (1987) Natural establishment of mycorrhiza in disturbed alpine ecosystems. Arc Alp Res 19: 11–20
Azcon-Aguilar C, Gianinazzi V, Fardeau JC, Gianinazzi S (1986) Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth and nutrition of soybean in a neutral-calcareous soil amended with P32-Ca45-tricalcium phosphate. Plant Soil 96: 3–15
Bagyaraj DJ, Manjunath A, Patil RB (1979) Occurrence of vesiculararbuscular infection and mycorrhizal dependency in some tropical aquatic plants. Trans Br Mycol Soc 72: 164–177
Bagyaraj DJ, Varma A (1994) Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants, and their importance in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid tropics. Adv Microbiol Ecol (in press)
Bajwa R, Read DJ (1986) Utilisation of mineral and amino N sources by the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte Hymenoscyphus ericae and by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings of Vaccinium. Trans Br Mycol Soc 87: 269–277
Barea JM (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas as modifiers of soil fertility. Adv Soil Sci 15: 2–40
Barea JM, Azcon R, Azcon-Aguilar C (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen-fixing systems. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 24. Academic Press, London, pp 391–416
Bellgard SE (1992) The propagules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi capable of initiating VAM infection after top soil disturbance. Mycorrhiza 1: 147–152
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Linderman RG (1992) Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. Am Soc Agron Spec Publ 54
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Bayne HG, Pacovsky RS (1983) Parasitic and mutualistic associations between a mycorrhizal fungus and soybean: the effects of phosphorus on host plant-endophyte interactions. Physiol Plant 57: 543–548
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Evans RA, Lesperance AL (1985) Mycorrhizal coloniza- tion of crested wheat grass as influenced by grazing. Agron J 77: 233–236
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Franson RL, Brown MS, Mihara KL (1989) The GlycineGlomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. IX. Nutritional, morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to geographic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Physiol Plant 76: 226–232
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Reyes-Solis MG, Camel SK, Ferrera-Cerrato R (1991) Nutrient transfer between soybean and maize plants connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium. Physiol Plant 82: 423–432
Bonfante P (1992) Plant-fungal interface in VA mycorrhizas: a structural point of view. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 340–347
Bonfante P, Spanu P (1992) Pathogenic and endomycorrhizal associations. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 24. Academic Press, London, pp 142–166
Brundrett MC (1991) Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 21: 171–313
Cervantes C, Rodriguez-Barrueco C (1992) Relationships between the mycorrhizal and actinorhizal symbiosis in non-legumes. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 24, Academic Press, London, pp 417–432
Chabot S, Bécard G, Piché Y (1992) Life cycle of Glomus intraradix in root organ culture. Mycologia 84: 315–321
Christie P, Nicolson TN (1983) Are mycorrhiza absent from the Arctic? Trans Br Mycol Soc 80: 557–561
Davies FT Jr, Potter JR, Linderman RG (1992) Mycorrhiza and repeated drought exposure affect drought resistance and extraradical hyphae development of pepper plants independent of plant size and nutrient content. J Plant Physiol 139: 289–294
Dodd JC, Arias I, Koomen I, Hayman DS (1990a) The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem. I. The effect of pre-cropping and inoculation with VAM fungi on plant growth and nutrition in the field. Plant Soil 122: 229–240
Dodd JC, Arias I, Koomen I, Hayman DS (1990b) The management of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem. II. The effects of pre-crops on the spore populations of native and introduced VAM-fungi. Plant Soils 122: 241–247
Espinoza-Victoria D, Quintero-Ramos M, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1993) Fitting plants to soil through mycorrhizal fungi: plant nutrition in hostendophyte combinations evaluated by the diagnosis and recommendation in an integrated system. Biol Fertil Soils 15: 96–102
Evans DG, Miller MH (1990) The role of external mycelial network in the effect of soil disturbance upon vesicular-arbuscular colonization in maize. New Phytol 114: 65–71
Fairchild GL, Miller MH (1988) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. II. Development of the effect. New Phytol 110: 75–84
Fairchild GL, Miller MH (1990) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and the soil disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. III. New Phytol 114: 641–650
Frey B, Schüepp H (1993) Transfer of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) to maize via vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. New Phytol 122: 447–454
Friese CF, Allen MF (1988) The interaction of harvester ant activity and VA mycorrhizal fungi. Proc R Soc Edinb 94: 176–201
Friese CF, Koske RE (1991) The spatial dispersion of spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune: microscale patterns associated with the root architecture of American beachgrass. Mycol Res 95: 952–957
Garcia-Garrido JM, Garcia-Romera I, Ocampo JA (1992) Cellulase production by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae (Nicol ttt Gerd) Gerd and Trappe. New Phytol 121: 221–226
Garcia-Romera I, Garcia-Garrido JM, Martiner-Molina E, Ocampo JA (1990) Possible influence of hydrolytic enzymes on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae infection of alfalfa. Soil Biol Biochem 22: 149–152
Gaur AC (1988) Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers in crop productivity and their interaction with VA mycorrhizae. In: Varma A, Karim K, Mukerji KG, Tilak KVBR, Raj J (eds) Proc Mycorrhizal Worksh. IDRC, Quebec, Canada, pp 505–529
George E, Häussler K-U, Vetterelin D, Marschner H (1993) Water and nutrient translocation by hyphae of Glomus mosseae. Can J Bot 70: 2130–2137
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Branzanti B, Gianinazzi S (1989) In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by root exudates and plant flavonoids. Symbiosis 7: 243–255
Giovannetti M (1985) Seasonal variations of vesicular-artbuscular mycorrhizas and endogonaceous spores in maritime sand dunes. Trans Br Mycol Soc 84: 678–684
Hall IR (1979a) Soil pellets to introduce vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into soil. Soil Biol Biochem 11: 85–91
Hall IR (1979b) Effect of vesicular-vesicular mycorrhizas on growth of white clover. N Z J Agric Res 21: 509–515
Harley JL (1991) Introduction: The state of art. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 23. Academic Press, London, pp 1–24
Herrera R, Merida T, Stark N, Jordan CF (1978) Direct phosphorus transfer from leaf litter to roots. Naturwissenschaften 65: 208–209
Hetrick BAD, Wilson GWT, Todd TC (1990) Differential responses of C3 and C4 grasses to mycorrhizal symbiosis, phosphorus fertilization, and soil microorganisms. Can J Bot 68: 461–467
Högberg P (1982) Mycorrhizal associations in some woodland and forest trees and shrubs in Tanzania. New Phytol 92: 407–415
Jakobsen I (1992) Phosphorus transport by external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 48–54
Jakobsen I, Abbott LK, Robson AD (1992) External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots. New Phytol 120: 371–380
Janos DP (1987) VA mycorrhizas in humid tropical ecosystems. In: Safir GR (ed) Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 107–134
Jasper DA, Abbott LK, Robson AD (1989) Soil disturbance reduces the infectivity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 112: 93–99
Jasper D A, Abbott L K, Robson A D (1992) Soil disturbance in native ecosystems — the decline and recovery of infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems CAB International, Cambridge, pp 151–155
Johnson NC, Copeland PJ, Crookston RK, Pfleger FL (1992) Mycorrhizae• possible explanation for yield decline with continuous corn and soybean. Agron J 84: 387–390
Krikun J, Haas JH, Dodd J Kinsbursky R (1990) Mycorrhizal dependence of four crops in a P-sorbing soil. Plant Soil 122: 213–217
Laursen GA (1985) Mycorrhizae: a review of the importance of fungi from high latitude forests of Alaska, USA. Agroborealis 17: 58–66
Linderman RG (1988) Mycorrhizal interactions with rhizosphere microflora: the mycorrhizosphere effect. Phytopathology 78: 366–371
Linderman RG (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions. In: Bethlenfalvay GJ, Linderman RG (eds) Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. Am Soc Agron Spec Publ 54, Wisconsin, pp 45–70
Lopez-Sanchez ME, Honrubia M (1992) Seasonal variation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in eroded soils from southern Spain. Mycorrhiza 2: 33–39
Marschner H (1992) Nutrient dynamics at the soil-root interface (rhizosphere). In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 3–12
Mathew J, Shankar A, Neeraj, Varma A (1991) Glomaceous fungi associated with spineless cacti, a fodder supplement in deserts. Trans Jpn Mycol Soc Jpn 32: 225–233
Miller RM, Jastrow JD (1990) Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregations. Soil Biol Biochem 22: 579–584
Miller RM, Jastrow JD (1992) Extraradical hyphal development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a chronosequence of prairie restorations. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 171–176
Mosse B (1975) Specificity in VA mycorrhizas. In: Sanders FE, Mosse B, Tinker PB (eds) Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London, pp 469–484
Nadkarni NM (1985) Roots that go out on a limb. Nat Hist 94: 42–48
Neeraj (1992) Better uptake of nutrients in transplantation crops by inoculation of endomycorrhizal fungi and potential biological nitrogen fixing microorganisms. PhD Thesis, Kanpur University, India
Neeraj, Shankar A, Mathew J, Varma AK (1991) Occurrence of VA mycorrhizae within Indian semi-arid soils. Biol and Fertil of Soils 11: 140–144
Neeraj, Mukerji KG, Sharma BC, Varma A (1993a) A new species of Gigaspora from desert soils of Rajasthan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 9: 13–18
Neeraj, Shankar A, Verma S, Velayuthum M, Hahn A, Horn A, Varma A (1993b) Functions of mycorrhizal fungi with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in stressed soils and serological characteristics of spores. In: Proc 6th Int Sym Microbial ecol, Barcelona, Spain, pp 247–252
Nelson CE (1987) Water relations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. In: Safir GR (ed) Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants. CRC Boca Raton, pp 71–91
Newman EI, Eason WR, Eissenstat DM, Ramos MIRF (1992) Interactions between plants: the role of mycorrhizae. Mycorrhiza 1: 47–53
Niemi M, Vestberg M (1992) Inoculation of commercially grown strawberry with VA mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 144: 133–142
O’Keefe DM, Sylvia DM (1992) The chronology and mechanisms of the mycorrhizal plant growth response for sweet potato. New Phytol 122: 651–659
Paul J, Varma AK (1985) Cellulose digesting bacteria from live termite mounds. Curr Sci 54: 1098–1103
Paul J, Varma A (1993) Hydrolytic enzymes production in Micrococcus roseus growing on different cellulolytic substrates. Appl Microb Lett 16: 167–169
Paul J, Sarkar A, Varma AK (1986) In vitro studies of cellulose digesting properties of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from termite gut. Curr Sci 55: 740745
Quintero-Ramos M, Espinoza-Victoria D, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1993) Fitting plants to soil through mycorrhizal fungi: mycorrhiza effects on plant growth and soil organic matter. Biol and Fertil Soils 15: 103–106
Rambelli A (1973) The rhizosphere of mycorrhizas. In: Marks GL, Kpslowsi TT (eds) Ectomycorrhizae Academic Press, New York, pp 299–343
Read DJ, Francis R, Finlay RD (1985) Mycorrhizal mycelia and nutrient cycling in plant communities. In: Fitter AH (ed) Ecological interactions in soils. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 193–217
Reeves FB, Redente EF (1991) Importance of mutualism in succession. In: Skujins J (ed) Semiarid lands and deserts: soil resource and reclamation. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 423–442
Rosendahl S, Sen R (1992) Isozyme analysis of mycorrhizal fungi and their mycorrhizae. In: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 24. Academic Press, London, pp 169–192
Rosendahl S, Rosendahl CN, Sochting U (1992) Distribution of VA mycorrhizal endophytes amongst plants from a Danish grass land community. Agric Ecosyst Environ 29: 329–335
Safir GR (1987) Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants. CRC, Boca Raton
Saif SR, Khan AG (1975) The influence of season and stage of development of plant on endogone mycorrhiza of field-grown wheat. Can J Microbiol 21: 1021–1024
Salamanca CP, Herrera MA, Barea JM (1992) Mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated woody legumes used in revegetation programmes for desertified Mediterranean ecosystems. Agronomie 12: 869–872
Sanders IR (1990) Seasonal patterns of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal occurrence in grasslands. Symbiosis 9: 315–320
Sarkar A, Varma AK (1990) Influence of cellulolytic organisms associated with a termite, Odontotermes obesus on carbon mobility in a semi-arid ecosystem. Arid Soil Res Rehabil 3: 33–37
Saxena S, Bahadur J, Varma A (1992) Effect of cobalt and nickel on growth and CMCase activity of Cellulomonas. Bio Metals 5: 209–212
Schwab S, Reeves FB (1981) The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west. III. Vertical distribution of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza inoculum potential. Am J Bot 68: 1293–1297
Shankar A (1992) Studies of VAM fungi from the desert flora of western India. PhD Thesis, Kurukshetra University, India
Shankar A, Varma A (1993) Isozyme analysis in VAM spores, help in taxonomic consideration. Curr Sci 65: 165–168
Sieverding E (1991) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza management in tropical agro-systems. Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany
Simon L, Bousquet J, Levesque RC, Lalonde M (1993) Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67–69
Singh K, Varma AK (1980) Host specificity in Endogonaceae. Trans Jpn Soc Mycol 21: 93–98
Singh K, Varma AK (1981) Endogonaceous spores associated with xerophytic plants in northern India. Trans Br Mycol Soc 77: 655–659
Singh K, Varma AK (1985) Association of bacteria with endogonaceous spore, Glomus macrocarpus var. geosporus extracted from xerophytic plants. Trans Jpn Soc Mycol 21: 39–44
Singh K, Varma AK (1988) Mycorrhizal fungi stimulate legume growth and root nodulation in dry arid soils. I. Effect of dual infection of Rhizobium and VAM endomycorrhizal spores on tropical legume bengal gram (Cicer arietinum). In: Varma A, Karim K, Mukerji KG, Tilak KVBR, Raj J (eds) Proc Mycorrhizal Worksh. IDRC, Quebec, Canada, pp 356–371
Singh K, Kumar D, Subbarao NS, Varma AK (1988) Mycorrhizal fungi stimulate legume growth and root nodulation in dry arid soils. II. Effect of dual infection of Rhizobium and VAM endomycorrhizal spores on soybean (Glycine Max Merril). In: Varma A, Karim K, Mukerji KG, Tilak KVBR, Raj J (eds) Proc Mycorrhizal Worksh. IDRC, Quebec, Canada, pp 372–392
Smith SE, Smith FA (1990) Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. New Phytol 114: 1–38
Stahl PD, Williams SE, Christensen M (1988) Efficacy of native vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after severe soil disturbance. New Phytol 110: 347–353
St John TV, Coleman DC, Reid CPP (1983.)Association of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae with soil organic particles. Ecology 64: 957–959
Swaminathan K, Verma BC (1979) Response of three crop species to vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal infection in zinc deficient Indian soils. New Phytol 82: 481–487
Sylvia DM (1986) Spatial and temporal distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Uniola paniculata in Florida foredune. Mycologia 78: 728–734
Sylvia DM (1990) Distribution, structure, and function of external hyphae of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Box JE, Hammond LH (eds) Rhizosphere dynamics. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 144–167
Sylvia DM, Williams SE (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stress. In: Bethlenfalvay GJ, Linderman RG (eds) Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. Am Soc Agron Spec Publ 54, pp 101–124
Sylvia DM, Hammond JM, Bennett JH, Hass, Linda SB (1993) Field response of corn to water management and inoculation with VAM. Agron J (in press)
Szaniszlo PJ, Powell PE, Reid CPP, Cline GR (1981) Production of hydroxyamate siderophore iron chelators by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 73: 1158–1174
Tester M, Smith FA, Smith SE (1992) The role of ion channels in controlling solute exchange in mycorrhizal associations. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds) Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 348–351
Tisdall JM (1991) Fungal hyphae and structural stability of soil. Aust J Soil Res 29: 729–743
Trappe JM (1977) Selection of fungi for ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nurseries. Annu Rev Phytopathol 15: 203–222
Trappe JM (1981) Mycorrhizae and productivity of arid and semi-arid rangelands. Advances in food producing systems for arid and semi-arid levels. Academic Press, New York, pp 581–203
Van Kessel C, Singleton PW, Hoben HJ (1985) Enhanced nitrogen-transfer from a soybean to maize by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 79: 562–563
Varma A (1979) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and nodulation in soybean. Folia Microbiol 24: 501–503
Varma A (1991) History of mycorrhizal research in India-current status. Indian J Microbiol 31: 323–332
Varma A, Schüepp H (1993) Infectivity and effectiveness of Glomus intraradices on micropropagated plants. In: Schüepp H (ed) Symp Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosystems, COST 87 and 8. 10 Joint Meet, Einsiedeln, Switzerland, pp 1–3
Varma A, Schüepp H (1994) Infectivity and effectiveness of Glomus intraradices on micropropagated plants. Mycorrhiza (in press)
Varma A, Singh K, Peck HD Jr (1984) Lumen of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhabiting bacteria and their utilization of pyrophosphate. In: Molina R, Trappe JM (eds) Proc 6th NACOM, Oregon, USA, 193 pp
Vestberg M (1992a) Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated strawberry and field observations in Finland. Agronomie 12: 865–867
Vestberg M (1992b) Effect of growth substrate and fertilizer on the growth and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of three hosts. Agric Sci Finl 1: 95–105
Vestberg M (1992c) The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth of ten strawberry cultivars. Agric Sci Finl 1: 527–535
Virginia R, Jenkins MB, Jarrell WM (1986) Depth of root symbiont occurrence in soil. Biol Fertil Soils 2: 127–130
Warner NJ, Allen MF, MacMahon JA (1987) Dispersal agents of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a disturbed arid ecosystem. Mycologia 79: 721–730
Williams SE, Aldon EF (1976) Endomycorrhizal (vesicular-arbuscular) associations of some arid zone shrubs. Southwest Nat 20: 437–444
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varma, A. (1995). Ecophysiology and Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Arid Soils. In: Varma, A., Hock, B. (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-08899-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-08897-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive