Abstract
The OER movement has challenged the traditional value chain by employing new methods to deliver high-quality educational content. Open Educational Resources (OER) provide a strategic opportunity to improve the quality of education as well as to facilitate knowledge sharing, and capacity building. OER not only play a crucial role in nonformal and informal learning but they are actual resources/tools that can help enrich any classroom environment and push student thinking and comprehension. One of the fundamental concepts of OER is “the ability to freely adapt and reuse existing pieces of knowledge”, and therefore be a way to create more economic and personalized learning. To facilitate combining, remixing, or adaptation of OER, a key condition is to improve the metadata interoperability between different collections of open material siloed, i.e., the OER data should be readable for both people and humans. The Linked Data design issues and semantic technologies enable the creation and reuse of data models, concepts, and properties that are then connected, consulted, and combined on the Web, as if they were simply part of a global database. This work shows the evolution of Open Educational Movement and the potential of use of linked data approach to improve the discoverability, reusability, and integration of these materials available in the Web and support the inclusion of OER in courses, from a general context of synergy: Linked Data for describe, discovery, and retrieve OER and Human Beings power to provide context. The authors focus on a type of openness: open of contents as regards alteration, i.e., freedom to reuse the educational material, to combine it with other academic materials, to adapt, and to share it further under an open license.
Keywords
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Notes
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Tübinger Internet Multimedia Server Initiative: http://timms.uni-tuebingen.de/archive/sose99.aspx.
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MIT OpenCourseWare is a large-scale, web-based publication of MIT course materials. The project was announced in 2001. http://ocw.mit.edu.
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Open Yale Courses http://oyc.yale.edu/courses Each course includes a full set of class lectures produced in high-quality video accompanied by such other course materials as syllabi, suggested readings, exams, and problem sets. The lectures are available as downloadable videos, and an audio-only version is also offered. In addition, searchable transcripts of each lecture are provided.
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Open.Michigan encourages researchers, learners, and instructors to maximize the impact and reach of their scholarly work through open sharing. http://open.umich.edu.
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Every semester, University of California Berkeley records several popular courses and offers them free to the public. Anyone can watch these OpenCourseWare recordings and learn from home. http://webcast.berkeley.edu.
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In some cases the full complement of course materials may not appear online due to copyright and other intellectual property issues.
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It emerged from a conference on open education hosted in Cape Town on 14 and 15 September 2007 by the Shuttleworth Foundation and the Open Society Institute.
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Since 2002, the Hewlett Foundation has worked with OER grantees to improve education globally by making high-quality academic materials openly available on the Internet. http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education/open-educational-resources.
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Wikiversity is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a nonprofit organization, http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources.
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Wiki Educator: http://wikieducator.org/Oer.
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OER Commons: http://www.oercommons.org/about.
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Commonwealth of Learning (CoL.org): http://www.col.org/resources/crsMaterials/Pages/OCW-OER.aspx.
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Notes for Linux release 0.01 https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01.
- 20.
CopyLeft (a play on the word copyright) is a general method for making a creative work as freely available to be modified, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the creative work to be free as well. Under copyleft, an author may give every person who receives a copy of a work permission to reproduce, adapt or distribute it and require that any resulting copies or adaptations are also bound by the same licensing agreement.
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. Site: www.w3c.org.
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Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a standard model for data interchange on the Web: http://www.w3.org/RDF/. For technical details, see http://www.w3.org/standards/tech/rdf.
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Open Educational Resources Commons: http://www.oercommons.org.
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OCW Consortium, OCWC: http://www.ocwconsortium.org and http://ocw.universia.org.
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Merlot: http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.
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IEEE Learning Object Metadata (LOM) http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/.
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Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). http://www.adlnet.gov/capabilities/scorm.
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Open Archives Initiative—Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. http://www.openarchives.org/pmh/.
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In practice, typed literals, that is, literals associated with an XML Schema data type, are used.
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W3C Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/.
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W3C Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/.
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Pubby is available at: http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pubby/.
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Acknowledgments
The work has been funded by the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), and partially by Regional Government of Madrid (eMadrid S2013/ICE-2715). The Scholarship partially funded by “Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación” of Ecuador (SENESCYT).
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Piedra, N., Chicaiza, J., Atenas, J., Lopez-Vargas, J., Tovar, E. (2017). Using Linked Data to Blended Educational Materials With OER—A General Context of Synergy: Linked Data for Describe, Discovery and Retrieve OER and Human Beings Knowledge to Provide Context. In: Jemni, M., Kinshuk, Khribi, M. (eds) Open Education: from OERs to MOOCs. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52925-6_15
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