Abstract
As is well known, the carotenoid pigments belong to the class of polyenes and represent the most unsaturated mass products of biosynthesis. Several carotenoid pigments are extremely widespread in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Although the name “poly-ene” would a priori include any compound whose molecules contain more than two carbon-carbon double bonds, the accepted use of the term is restricted to long, aliphatic, conjugated double bond systems.
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Karrer, P., C. H. Eugster und M. Faust: Über das Auftreten von Carotinoiden in Pollen und Staubbeuteln verschiedener Pflanzen. Helv. Chim. Acta 33, 300 (1950).
Karrer, P., A. Helfenstein, R. Widmer und Th. B. van Itallie: Über Bixin. XIII. Mitt. über Pflanzenfarbstoffe. Helv. Chim. Acta 12, 741 (1929).
Karrer, P. and E. Jucker: Carotenoids. Translated and Revised by E. A. Braude. New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1950.
Karrer, P. und J. Rutschmann: Über Violaxanthin, Auroxanthin und andere Pigmente der Blüten von Viola tricolor. Helv. Chim. Acta 27, 1684 (1944).
Karrer, P. und J. Rutschmann: Carotinoide aus den Früchten von Cotoneaster occidentalis und Pyracantha coccinia. Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 1528 (1945).
Karrer, P., R. Schwyzer und A. Neuwirth: Oxydation von 4-Methyl-o-benzochinon zu cis-cis-β-Methylmuconsäure-anhydrid. Helv. Chim. Acta 31, 1210 (1948).
Karrer, P. und U. Solmssen: Stufenweiser Abbau des labilen und stabilen Bixins. Zur Stereochemie der Carotinoide. Helv. Chim. Acta 20, 1396 (1937).
Karrer, P. und T. Takahashi: Pflanzenfarbstoffe. XLVII. Über die Isomerieverhältnisse beim Bixin. Bemerkungen zu den Theorien über die Bildung von Carotinoidpigmenten in der Pflanze. Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 287 (1933).
Karrer, P. und E. Würgler: Absorptionsspektren einiger Carotinoide. Helv. Chim. Acta 26, 116 (1943).
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Kemmerer, A. R. and G. S. Fraps: Relative Value of Carotene in Vegetables for Growth of the White Rat. Arch. Biochemistry 8, 197 (1945).
Kemmerer, A. R. and G. S. Fraps: The Vitamin A Activity of neo-Kemmerer, A. R. and G. S. Fraps: β-Carotene U and its Steric Rearrangement in the Digestive Tract of Rats. J. Biol. Chem. 161, 305 (1945).
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Koe, B. K. and L. Zechmeister: In Vitro Conversion of Phytofluene and Phytoene into Carotenoid Pigments. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 41, 236 (1952).
Koe, B. K. and L. Zechmeister: Preparation and Spectral Characteristics of all-trans- and a cis-Phytofluene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 46, 100 (1953).
Kuhn, H.: The Electron Gas Theory of the Color of Natural and Artificial Dyes: Problems and Principles. Fortschr. Chem. organ. Naturstoffe 16, 169 (1958).
Kuhn, H.: The Electron Gas Theory of the Color of Natural and Artificial Dyes: Applications and Extensions. Fortschr. Chem. organ. Naturstoffe 17, 404 (1959).
Kuhn, H.: Neuere Untersuchungen über das Elektronengasmodell organischer Farbstoffe. Angew. Chem. 71, 93 (1959).
Kuhn, R.: Cis-trans-Umlagerungen der Äthylenkörper. In: K. Freudenberg, Stereochemie, S. 913. Leipzig und Wien: F. Deuticke. 1933.
Kuhn, R. und P. J. Drumm: Umkehrbare Hydrierung und Dehydrierung bei Polyenen. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 65, 1458 (1932).
Kuhn, R., P. J. Drumm, M. Hofferund E. F. Möller: Farbreaktionen und Autoxydation von Hydropolyen-carbonsäure-estern. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 65, 1785 (1932).
Kuhn, R., H. H. Inhoffen, H. A. Staab und W. Otting: Vergleich des cis-Crocetin-dimethylesters aus Safran mit 8.8′-cis-Crocetm-dimethylester. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 86, 965 (1953).
Kuhn, R. und E. Lederer: Iso-carotin (Über das Vitamin des Wachstums, III. Mitt.). Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 65, 637 (1932).
Kuhn, R. und A. Winterstein: Über konjugierte Doppelbindungen. I. Synthese von Diphenyl-poly-enen. Helv. Chim. Acta 11, 87 (1928).
Kuhn, R. und A. Winterstein: Die Dihydroverbindung der isomeren Bixine und die Elektronen-Konfiguration der Polyene (Über konjugierte Doppelbindungen, XXIII. Mitt.). Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 65, 646 (1932).
Kuhn, R. und A. Winterstein: Über einen licht-empfindlichen Carotin-Farbstoff aus Safran. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 66, 209 (1933).
Kuhn, R. und A. Winterstein: Über die Konstitution des Pikro-crocins und seine Beziehung zu den Carotin-Farbstoffen des Safrans. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 67, 344 (1934).
Kuhn, R., A. Winterstein und E. Lederer: Zur Kenntnis der Xanthophylle. Z. physiol. Chem. (Hoppe-Seyler) 197, 141 (1931).
Kuhn, W. und R. Landolt: Über den Photodichroismus fester Carotinoid-Lösungen. II. Helv. Chim. Acta 34, 1929 (1951).
Landolt, R. und W. Kuhn: Über den Photodichroismus fester Carotinoid-Lösungen. I. Helv. Chim. Acta 34, 1900 (1951).
Lederer, E. and M. Lederer: Chromatography. A Review of Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1957.
LeRosen, A. L.: Continuous Washing Apparatus for Solutions in Organic Solvents. Ind. Eng. Chem., Analyt. Ed. 14, 165 (1942).
LeRosen, A. L.: A Method for Standardization of Chromatographic Analysis. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1905 (1942).
LeRosen, A. L. and L. Zechmeister: Prolycopene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1075 (1942).
LeRosen, A. L. and L. Zechmeister: The Carotenoid Pigments of the Fruit of Celastrus scandens L. Arch. Biochemistry 1, 17 (1942).
Lewis, G. N. and M. Calvin: The Color of Organic Substances. Chem. Revs. 25, 273 (1939).
Lindlar, H.: Ein neuer Katalysator für selective Hydrierungen. Helv. Chim. Acta 35, 446 (1952).
Linner, E., C. H. Eugster und P. Karrer: Carotinoidsynthesen. XVIII. Synthese des 1,18-Di-β-naphtyl-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-octadeca-nonaens. Helv. Chim. Acta 38, 1869 (1955).
Loeb, J. N., P. K. Brown and G. Wald: Cis trans Isomerism and Steric Hindrance. Nature (London) 184, 617 (1959). With a Theoretical Discussion by G. Wald on p. 620.
Lunde, K.: Note on the Infrared Spectra of Pro-γ-carotene and Neo-γ-carotene P. Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 2154 (1959).
Lunde, K. and L. Zechmeister: A Study of the Infrared Spectra of Some Stereoisomeric Diphenylpolyenes. Acta Chem. Scand. 8, 1421 (1954).
Lunde, K. and L. Zechmeister: cis-trans Isomeric 1,6-Diphenylhexatrienes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 2308 (1954).
Lunde, K. and L. Zechmeister: Infrared Spectra and cis-trans Configurations of Some Carotenoid Pigments. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 1647 (1955).
Mackinney, G.: Carotenoids. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 21, 473 (1952).
Mackinney, G. and J. A. Jenkins: Inheritance of Carotenoid Differences in Lycopersicon esculentum Strains. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 35, 284 (1949).
Mackinney, G. and J. A. Jenkins: Carotenoid Differences in Tomatoes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 38, 48 (1952).
Magoon, E. F. and L. Zechmeister: On the cis Forms of Some Biphenylene Derivatives of Butadiene and Hexatriene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 5642 (1955).
Magoon, E. F. and L. Zechmeister: On a cis-Neurosporene ex Pyracantha and the in vitro Stereoisomerization of Neurosporene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 68, 263 (1957).
Magoon, E. F. and L. Zechmeister: Stepwise Stereoisomerization of Prolycopene, a Polyps Carotenoid, to all-trans-Lycopene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 69, 535 (1957).
Manunta, C.: The Manner of Action of the Genes Responsible for the Color of the Fruit in Cultivated Strains of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and in Wild Species of the Genus. Genet. agrar. (Pavia) 3, 38 pp. (1951) [Chem. Abstr. 48, 9476 (1954)].
Martínez García, F.: The Carotenoids of Red Pepper. Rev. fac. ciêna., Univ. Coimbra 20, 21 (1951) [Chem. Abstr. 46, 8287 (1952)].
Martínez García, F.: The Presence of Stereoisomerism of Capsorubin in the Pimiento. Farmacognosia (Madrid) 12, 169 (1952) [Chem. Abstr. 48, 5443 (1954)].
McConnell, H.: Catalysis of Cis-Trans Isomerization by Paramagnetic Substances. J. Chem. Physics 20, 1043 (1952).
McNicholas, H. J.: The Visible and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Carotene and Xanthophyll and the Changes Accompanying Oxydation. Bureau Standards J. Res. 7, 171 (1931).
Meunier, P., J. Jouanneteau et G. Zwingelstein: Sur la coupure oxydante du β-carotène en rétinène (axérophtal) par MnO2. C. R. hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 231, 1170 (1950).
Meunier, P., J. Jouanneteau et G. Zwingelstein: Sur l’isomérisation cis trans des caroténoides en C 40 provoquée par adsorption sur des oxydes métalliques. Bull. soc. chim. biol. (Paris) 33, 1228 (1951).
Milas, N. A., P. Davis, I. Belič and D. A. Fleš: Synthesis of β-Carotene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72, 4844 (1950).
Miller, E. S.: A Precise Method, with Detailed Calibration for the Determination of Absorption Coefficients; the Quantitative Measurement of the Visible and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of α-Carotene, β-Carotene, and Lycopene. Plant Physiol. 12, 667 (1937).
Miller, E. S.: Quantitative Biological Spectroscopy. Absorption Spectra, Vol. I. Minneapolis: Burgess Publ. Co. 1940.
Moore, T.: Vitamin A and Carotene. I. The Association of Vitamin A Activity with Carotene in the Carrot Root. Biochemic. J. 23, 803 (1929).
Mulliken, R. S.: Intensities of Electronic Transitions in Molecular Spectra. VII. Conjugated Polyenes and Carotenoids. J. Chem. Physics 7, 364 (1939).
Miller, E. S.: Structure and Ultraviolet Spectra of Ethylene, Butadiene and their Alkyl Derivatives. Rev. Modern Physics 14, 265 (1942).
Miller, E. S.: Quantum-mechanical Methods and the Electronic Spectra and Structure of Molecules. Chem. Revs. 41, 201 (1947).
Nash, H. A. and F. P. Zscheile: The cis-trans Isomerization of α-Carotene Isomers. Arch. Biochemistry 5, 77 (1944).
Nayler, P. and M. C. Whiting: Researches on Polyenes. II. The Synthesis of Cosmene. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1954, 4006.
Oroshnik, W., G. Karmas and A. D. Mebane: Synthesis of Polyenes. I. Retro vitamin A Methyl Ether. Spectral Relationships between the β-Ionylidene and Retroionylidene Series. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74, 295 (1952).
Oroshnik, W. and A. D. Mebane: Synthesis of Polyenes. VI. Isoprenoid Polyenes Containing Sterically Hindered cis Configurations. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 5719 (1954).
Paal, C. und W. Hartmann: Über katalytische Wirkungen kolloidaler Metalle der Platingruppe. VIII. Die stufenweise Reduktion der Phenyl-propiolsäure. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 42, 3930 (1909).
Paschke, R. F., W. Tolberg and D. H. Wheeler: Cis, Trans Isomerism of the Eleostearate Isomers. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 30, 97 (1953).
Paul, M. F., V. R. Ells and H. E. Paul: The Effect of Mineral Oil on Food Utilization. II. Changes of β-Carotene in Mineral Oil. Amer. J. Digestive Diseases 18, 278 (1951).
Pauling, L.: Recent Work on the Configuration and Electronic Structure of Molecules; with some Applications to Natural Products. Fortschr. Chem. organ. Naturstoffe 3, 203 (1939).
Pauling, L.: A Theory of the Color of Dyes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 25, 577 (1939).
Pauling, L.: Zur cis-trans-Isomerisierung von Carotinoiden. Helv. Chim. Acta 32, 2241 (1949).
Petracek, F. J. and L. Zechmeister: Stereoisomeric Phytofluenes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74, 184 (1952).
Petracek, F. J. and L. Zechmeister: Reaction of β-Carotene with N-Bromosuccinimide: The Formation and Conversions of Some Polyene Ketones. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78, 1427 (1956).
Pinckard, J. H.: Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1949.
Pinckard, J. H., J. S. Kittredge, D. L. Fox, F. T. Haxo and L. Zechmeister: Pigments from a Marine “Red Water” Population of the Dino-flagellate Prorocentrum micans. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 44, 189 (1953).
Platt, J. R.: Electronic Structure and Excitation of Polyenes and Porphyrins. In: A. Hollaender, Radiation Biology, Vol. III, p. 71. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1956.
Polgár, A., C. B. van Niel and L. Zechmeister: Studies on the Pigments of the Purple Bacteria. II. A Spectroscopic and Stereochemical Investigation of Spirilloxanthin. Arch. Biochemistry 5, 243 (1944).
Polgár, A. and L. Zechmeister: Isomerization of β-Carotene. Isolation of a Stereoisomer with Increased Adsorption Affinity. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1856 (1942).
Polgár, A. and L. Zechmeister: Action of Cold Concentrated Hydriodic Acid on Carotenes: Structure and cis-trans Isomerization of Some Reaction Products. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1528 (1943).
Polgár, A. and L. Zechmeister: A Spectroscopic Study in the Stereoisomeric Capsanthin Set. Cis-peak Effect and Configuration. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 186 (1944).
Porter, J. W.: Relationships Between Physical Properties and Structure of Carotenes and Colorless Polyenes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 45, 291 (1953).
Porter, J. W. and R. E. Lincoln: I. Lycopersicon Selections Containing a High Content of Carotenes and Colorless Polyenes. II. The Mechanism of Carotene Biosynthesis. Arch. Biochemistry 27, 390 (1950).
Porter, J. W. and F. P. Zscheile: Carotenes of Lycopersicon Species and Strains. Arch. Biochemistry 10, 537 (1946).
Poutet, J. J.: Procédé pour reconnaître la falsification de l’huile d’olive par celle de graines. Ann. chim. phys. [2] 12, 58 (1819).
Price, C. C. and G. Berti: The Polymerization of Stilbene in Boron Fluoride Etherate. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 1219 (1954).
Price, C. C. and M. Meister: cis-trans-Isomerization with Boron Fluoride. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 61, 1595 (1939).
Quackenbush, F. W., H. Steenbock and W. H. Peterson: The Effect of Acids on Carotenoids. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60, 2937 (1938).
Rabourn, W. J. and F. W. Quackenbush: The Occurrence of Phytoene in Various Plant Materials. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 44, 159 (1953).
Rabourn, W. J. and F. W. Quackenbush: The Structure of Phytoene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61, 111 (1956).
Rabourn, W. J., F. W. Quackenbush and J. W. Porter: Isolation and Properties of Phytoene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 48, 267 (1954).
Rasmussen, R. S.: Infrared Spectroscopy in Structure Determination and its Application to Penicillin. Fortschr. Chem. organ. Naturstoffe 5, 331 (1948).
Rasmussen, R. S. and R. R. Brattain: Infra-red Absorption Spectra of the C2 to C4 Mono-olefins and of 2-Methyl-2-butene. J. Chem. Physics 15, 120 (1947).
Rasmussen, R. S. and R. R. Brattain: Infra-red Absorption Spectra of Some C4 and C5 Dienes. J. Chem. Physics 15, 131 (1947).
Rasmussen, R. S. and R. R. Brattain: Infrared Spectra of Some Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 71, 1073 (1949).
Rosenberg, B.: Photoconduction and Cis-Trans Isomerism in β-Carotene. J. Chem. Physics 31, 238 (1959).
Rüegg, R., H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, G. Saucy, S. F. Schaeren, U. Schwieter und O. Isler: Synthesen in der Carotinoid-Reihe. 14. Mitt. Synthese von β-Apo-12′-carotinal (C25). Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 847 (1959).
Rüegg, R., M. Montavon, G. Ryser, G. Saucy, U. Schwieter und O. Isler: Synthesen in der Carotinoid-Reihe. 15. Mitt. Synthesen in der β-Carotinal- und β-Carotinol-Reihe. Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 854 (1959).
Saperstein, S. and M. P. Starr: Association of Carotenoid Pigments with Protein Components in non-photosynthetic Bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 16, 482 (1955).
Savinov, B. G. and A. A. Mikhailovnina: Neo-β-carotene as the Product of Primary Stereoisomeric Transformation of β-Carotene on Heating. Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR 88, 887 (1953) [Chem. Abstr. 48, 3311 (1954)].
Schroeder, W. A.: Formation of Pro-carotenoids in “Monkey Flowers” under Some Conditions. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 2510 (1942).
Seitz, K., Hs. H. Günthard und O. Jeger: Veilchenriechstoffe. 37. Mitt. Über die Trennung von α- und β-Jonon durch fraktionierte Destillation. Helv. Chim. Acta 33, 2196 (1950).
Sheppard, N. and D. M. Simpson: The Infra-red and Raman Spectra of Hydrocarbons. I. Acetylenes and Olefins. Quart. Revs. Chem. Soc. (London) 6, 1 (1952).
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Simpson, W. T.: Resonance Force Theory of Carotenoid Pigments. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 6164 (1955).
Sly, W. G.: A Preliminary Report on the Crystal-structure Determination of 15,15′-Dehydro-β-carotene. Acta Crystallogr. 8, 115 (1955).
Starr, M. P. and S. Saperstein: Thiamine and the Carotenoid Pigments of Corynebacterium poinsettiae. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 43, 157 (1953).
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Strain, H. H.: Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis. New York: Interscience Publ. 1942.
Strain, H. H.: Problems in Chromatography and in Colloid Chemistry Illustrated by Leaf Pigments. J. Physic. Chem. 46, 1151 (1942).
Strain, H. H.: Chloroplast Pigments. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 13, 591 (1944).
Strain, H. H.: Molecular Structure and Adsorption Sequences of Carotenoid Pigments. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 588 (1948).
Strain, H. H.: Leaf Xanthophylls: The Action of Acids on Violaxanthin, Violeoxanthin, Taraxanthin and Tareoxanthin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 48, 458 (1954).
Strain, H. H. and W. M. Manning: The Occurrence and Interconversion of Various Fucoxanthins. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1235 (1942).
Strain, H. H.: A Unique Polyene Pigment of the Marine Diatom Navícula Torquatum. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 2258 (1943).
Strain, H. H., W. M. Manning and G. Hardin: Xanthophylls and Carotenes of Diatoms, Brown Algae, Dinoflagellates, and Sea-anemones. Biol. Bull. 86, 169 (1944).
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Trombly, H. H. and J. W. Porter: Additional Carotenes and a Colorless Polyene of Lycopersicon Species and Strains. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 43, 443 (1953).
Tsukida, K. and L. Zechmeister: The Stereoisomerization of β-Carotene Epoxides and the Simultaneous Formation of Furanoid Oxides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 74, 408 (1958).
Urushibara, Y. and O. Simamura: The Effect of Oxygen and Reduced Nickel on the Catalytic Action of Hydrogen Bromide in the Isomerization of Isostilbene into Stilbene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 12, 507 (1937).
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Wallcave, L.: Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1953.
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Wallcave, L. and L. Zechmeister: Conversion of Dehydro-β-carotene, via its Boron Trifluoride Complex, into an Isomer of Cryptoxanthin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 4495 (1953).
Warren, C. K. and B. C. L. Weedon: Carotenoids and Related Compounds. VI. Some Conjugated Polyene Diketones, and their Comparison with Capso-rubin. J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1958, 3972.
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Yamaguchi, M.: Chemical Constitution of Renieratene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 30, 979 (1957).
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Yamaguchi, M.: Renieratene, a New Carotenoid Containing Benzene Rings, Isolated from a Sea Sponge. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 31, 739 (1958).
Zalokar, M.: Isolation of an Acidic Pigment in Neurospora. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 70, 568 (1957).
Zechmeister, L.: Carotinoide. Ein biochemischer Bericht über pflanzliche und tierische Polyenfarbstoffe. Berlin: Julius Springer. 1934.
Zechmeister, L.: cis-trans Isomerization and Stereochemistry of Carotinoids and Diphenyl-polyenes. Chem. Revs. 34, 267 (1944).
Zechmeister, L.: Stereochemistry and Chromatography. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 49, 220 (1948).
Zechmeister, L.: Adsorpt on and Some Constitutional and Steric Properties. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 7, 54 (1949).
Zechmeister, L.: Stereoisomeric Provitamins A. Vitamins and Horm. 7, 57 (1949).
Zechmeister, L.: Les provitamines A stéréoïsomériques. Bull. Soc. chim. biol. (Paris) 31, 956 (1949).
Zechmeister, L.: Progress in Chromatography 1938–1947. London: Chapman & Hall; New York: J.Wiley. 1950.
Zechmeister, L.: Some Stereochemical Aspects of Polyenes. Experientia 10, 1 (1954).
Zechmeister, L.: Some in vitro Conversions of Naturally Occurring Carotenoids. Fortschr. Chem. organ. Naturstoffe 15, 31 (1958).
Zechmeister, L.: Bibliography of Papers Published by L. Zechmeister and Co-authors in the Fields of Chemistry and Biochemistry 1913–1958. Wien: Springer-Verlag. 1958.
Zechmeister, L. und L. V. Cholnoky: Die chromatographische Adsorptionsmethode. Wien: Julius Springer. 1937.
Zechmeister, L. und L. V. Cholnoky: Untersuchungen über den Paprika-Farbstoff. X. Citraurin aus Capsanthin. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 530, 291 (1937).
Zechmeister, L. und L. V. Cholnoky: Untersuchungen über den Paprika-Farbstoff. XL Isomerisierungs-Erscheinungen. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 543, 248 (1940).
Zechmeister, L., L. V. Cholnoky und A. Polgár: Über die Isomerisierung des Zeaxanthins und Physaliens. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 72, 1678 (1939).
Zechmeister, L. und L. V. Cholnoky: Zur Isomerisierung von Xanthophyllen (Nachtrag). Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 72, 2039 (1939).
Zechmeister, L., H. J. DeuelJr., H. H. Inhoffen, J. Leemann, S. M. Greenberg and J. Ganguly: Stereochemical Configuration and Provitamin A Activity. X. A Comparison of Synthetic 15,15′-Monocis-β-carotene (Central Monocis-β-carotene) with All-trans-β-carotene in the Rat and Chick. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 36, 80 (1952).
Zechmeister, L. and R. B. Escue: New Stereoisomers of Methylbixin. Science (Washington) 96, 229 (1942).
Zechmeister, L. and R. B. Escue: Isolation of Prolycopene and Pro-γ-carotene from Evonymus fortunei. J. Biol. Chem. 144, 321 (1942).
Zechmeister, L. and R. B. Escue: A Stereochemical Study of Methylbixin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 322 (1944).
Zechmeister, L. and G. Karmakar: The Occurrence of Phytofluene in Green Plant Organs. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 47, 160 (1953).
Zechmeister, L. and B. K. Koe: Stepwise Dehydrogenation of the Colorless Polyenes Phytoene and Phytofluene with N-Bromosuccinimide to Carotenoid Pigments. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 2923 (1954).
Zechmeister, L. and R. M. Lemmon: Contribution to the Stereochemistry of Cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 317 (1944).
Zechmeister, L. and A. L. LeRosen: Stereoisomeric Diphenyloctatetraenes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 2755 (1942).
Zechmeister, L., A. L. LeRosen, W. A. Schroeder, A. Polgár and L. Pauling: Spectral Characteristics and Configuration of Some Stereoisomeric Carotenoids Including Prolycopene and Pro-y-carotene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1940 (1943).
Zechmeister, L., A. L. LeRosen, F. W. Went and L. Pauling: Prolycopene, a Naturally Occurring Stereoisomer of Lycopene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 27, 468 (1941).
Zechmeister, L. and E. F. Magoon: Spectral Maxima of Stereoisomeric Polyenes. Chem. and Ind. 1957, 431.
Zechmeister, L. and F. J. Petracek: Absence of Detectable Poly-cis Forms from Heat-isomerized Lycopene Solutions. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 74, 282 (1952).
Zechmeister, L. and F. J. Petracek: On the Structure of the Deoxyluteins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61, 243 (1956).
Zechmeister, L. and J. H. Pinckard: Some Polycis-lycopenes Occurring in the Fruit of Pyracantha. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 69, 1930 (1947).
Zechmeister, L. and J. H. Pinckard: Stereoisomeric Diphenyloctatetraenes. II. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 4144 (1954).
Zechmeister, L., J. H. Pinckard, S. M. Greenberg, E. Straub, T. Fukui and H. J. Deuel Jr.: Stereochemical Configuration and Provitamin A Activity. VIII. Pro-y-carotene (a Poly-cis Compound) and its All-trans Isomer in the Rat. Arch. Biochemistry 23, 242 (1949).
Zechmeister, L. and A. Polgár: cis-trans Isomerization and Spectral Characteristics of Carotenoids and Some Related Compounds. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1522 (1943).
Zechmeister, L. and A. Polgár: cis-trans Isomerization and cis-Peak Effect in the α- Carotene Set and in Some Other Stereoisomeric Sets. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 137 (1944).
Zechmeister, L. and A. Polgár: Contributions to the Stereochemistry of γ-Carotene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 67, 108 (1945).
Zechmeister, L. and A. Sandoval: The Occurrence and Estimation of Phytofluene in Plants. Arch. Biochemistry 8, 425 (1945).
Zechmeister, L. and W. A. Schroeder: On the Occurrence of Stereoisomeric Carotenoids in Nature. Science (Washington) 94, 609 (1941).
Zechmeister, L. and W. A. Schroeder: The Pigment of Mimulus longiflorus and the Isolation of its y-Carotene Component. Arch. Biochemistry 1, 231 (1942).
Zechmeister, L. and W. A. Schroeder: The Fruit of Pyracantha angustifolia: a Practical Source of Pro-y-carotene and Prolycopene. J. Biol. Chem. 144, 315 (1942).
Zechmeister, L. and W. A. Schroeder: Pro-γ-carotene. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1173 (1942).
Zechmeister, L. and W. A. Schroeder: cis-trans Isomerization and Spectral Characteristics of Gazaniaxanthin. Further Evidence of its Structure. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1535 (1943).
Zechmeister, L. und P. Tuzson: Über das Polyen-Pigment der Orange, II. Mitt. Citraurin. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 70, 1966 (1937).
Zechmeister, L. und P. Tuzson: Spontaneous Isomerization of Lycopene. Nature (London) 141, 249 (1938).
Zechmeister, L. und P. Tuzson: Isomerization of Carotenoids. Biochemic. J. 32, 1305 (1938).
Zechmeister, L. und P. Tuzson: Umkehrbare Isomerisierung von Carotinoiden durch Jod-Katalyse. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 72, 1340 (1939).
Zechmeister, L. and L. Wallcave: A Study of Some cis-trans Isomeric Dehydro-β-carotenes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 5341 (1953).
Zechmeister, L. and F. W. Went: Some Stereochemical Aspects in Genetics. Nature (London) 162, 847 (1948).
Zeller, P., F. Bader, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, P. Müller, R. Rüegg, G. Ryser, G. Saucy, S. F. Schaeren, U. Schwieter, K. Stricker, R. Tamm, P. Zürcher und O. Isler: Synthesen in der Carotinoid-Reihe. 13. Mitt. Synthese von Canthaxanthin. Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 841 (1959).
Ziegler, H. H. V., C. H. Eugster und P. Karrer: Carotinoidsynthesen. XVI. Stereoisomere 1,3,7,12,16,18-Hexaphenyl-octadeca-nonaene. Helv. Chim. Acta 38, 613 (1955).
Zscheile, F. P. and B. W. Beadle: Determination of β-Carotene and Neo- β-carotene with the Visual Spectrophotometer. Ind. Eng. Chem., Analyt. Ed. 14, 633 (1942).
Zscheile, F. P., R. H. Harper and H. A. Nash: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine with Carotenoids. Arch. Biochemistry 5, 211 (1944).
Zscheile, F. P. and J. W. Porter: Analytical Methods for Carotenes of Lycopersicon Species and Strains. Ind. Eng. Chem., Analyt. Ed. 19, 47 (1947).
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Zechmeister, L. (1960). Cis-trans Isomeric Carotenoid Pigments. In: Zechmeister, L. (eds) Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products / Progrés Dans la Chimie des Substances Organiques Naturelles. Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products / Progrés Dans la Chimie des Substances Organiques Naturelles, vol 18. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7159-2_6
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