Abstract
FACS (Facial Action Coding System) was proposed by the psychologists, Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, to describe a facial expression in terms of 46 muscular movements, called AUs (Action Units). Here, a mesh model of a human face is defined and each action unit deforms the mesh model according to the corresponding movements specified in the FACS system. The mesh model is deformed to create a facial expression by activating several action units with their intensity values. In this paper, we propose a method using GA (Genetic Algorithm), known widely as a function optimizer, to extract the components of an arbitrary facial expression automatically where the expression may be input by a 3D measuring device or a 2D image. By using these components, we can construct more realistic facial expressions tailored to individual characteristics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Paul Ekman and Wallace V. F.: Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc. (1978)
C. S. Choi, H. Harashima and T. Takebe: Analysis and synthesis of facial expressions in knowledge-based coding of facial image sequences. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process. (ICASSP-91), 29M9. 7 May (1991)
D. Terzopoulos, K. Waters: Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models. IEEE trans, on PAMI, vol. 15, No. 6, June (1993)
Kenji Mase: Recognition of facial expressions for optical flow. IEICE transactions, Special Issue on Computer Vision and its Applications, E74 (10) (1991)
Irfan A. Essa, Trevor Darrell and A. Pentland: Tracking facial motion. Proceedings of the IEEE workshop on nonrigid and articulate motion, Austin, Texas, April (1994)
Akikazu Takeuchi and Steven Franks: A Rapid Face Construction Lab. SCSL-TR-92-010, May 7 (1992)
Heedong Ko, Moon-Sang Kim, Hyun-Goo Park and Seung-Woo Kim: Face sculpturing robot with recognition capability. CAD Vol. 26, NO. 11, pp 814–821, (1994)
Hee-Dong Ko, Sook-Jae Shin and Seung-Ah Chang: Changes of Facial Expression According to Musical Passage, Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 80–85, March (1995)
D. Beasley, D. R. Bull, Martin, R. R.: Sequential Niche Technique for Multimodel Function Optimization. Evolutionary Computation 1(2), pplOl-125, (1993) MIT PRESS
R. A. Rutenbar: Simulated annealing algorithms: An Overview. IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, pp. 19–26, January (1989)
S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi: Optimization by Simulated annealing, Science, vol. 220, no. 4598, pp. 671–680, May (1983)
J. H. Holland: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. MIT Press (1975)
D. Beasley, D. R. Bull, Martin, R. R.: An Overview of Genetic Algorithms University Computing, 15 (2), pp. 58–69 (1993)
D. Whitley: A Genetic Algorithm Tutorial. Technical Report CS-93–103. Nov 10 (1993)
D. E. Goldberg: Genetic Algorithms in search, optimization & Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley (1989)
De Jong, K. A.: An analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems. Dissertation abstracts International 36(10), 5140B. (University Microfilms No. 76–9381)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag/Wien
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ko, H., Kim, JH., Kim, J. (1995). Searching for Facial Expression by Genetic Algorithm. In: Göbel, M. (eds) Virtual Environments ’95. Eurographics. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9433-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9433-1_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-82737-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-9433-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive