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Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety pp 245–269Cite as

Drugs, driving and traffic safety in sleep apnea

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Abstract

Sleep apnea affects 2–4 % of the population. It is characterised by repetitive episodes of brief upper airway obstruction during sleep, with associated arousal from sleep. Consequences of untreated sleep apnea include excessive daytime sleepiness and impaired cognitive functioning and driving performance. Sleep apnea is also associated with a number of co-morbidities, including hypertension, insomnia and cardiovascular disease. As such, many sleep apnea patients are on medications that can potentially affect their sleep apnea severity and daytime functioning, including driving performance. Centrally-acting depressant drugs, including alcohol, antihypertensives, narcotics and sedatives, can cause respiratory depression and worsen sleep apnea. They may increase sleepiness and further impair driving performance either through direct actions on the central nervous system or through increasing sleep apnea severity. This chapter describes the effects of sleep apnea on daytime sleepiness, cognitive functioning and driving performance, as well as the drugs affecting waking and nocturnal respiration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Breathing & Sleep, Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia, 3084

    Mark E. Howard & Melinda L. Jackson

  2. University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia, 3084

    Mark E. Howard

  3. Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Level 7 Playford Building, City East Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5000

    Stuart Baulk

  4. Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Repatriation General Hospital, Daws Road, Daw Park, SA, 5041

    Stuart Baulk

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  1. Mark E. Howard
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  2. Melinda L. Jackson
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  3. Stuart Baulk
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Utrecht University Faculty of Science Section Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Joris C. Verster

  2. Somnogen Inc., 8790 112th Street, New York, NY, 11418, USA

    S. R. Pandi-Perumal

  3. Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Johannes G. Ramaekers

  4. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Johan J. de Gier

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Howard, M.E., Jackson, M.L., Baulk, S. (2009). Drugs, driving and traffic safety in sleep apnea. In: Verster, J.C., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Ramaekers, J.G., de Gier, J.J. (eds) Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9923-8_15

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