Abstract
Biology of Bemisia tabaci on five different host plants viz., cassava, sweet potato, cotton, egg plant and tobacco showed that developmental duration was maximum on cassava and fecundity was maximum on tobacco. Population of cassava whitefly (CWF) and sweet potato whitefly (SPWF) separately maintained on the respective host plants were used in two sets of experiments viz., choice and no-choice studies on cassava, sweet potato, egg plant, cotton, tobacco and tomato. Oviposition was recorded on all host plants, but no CWF nymphs emerged beyond the first instars on sweet potato, while there was no pupal formation or adult development of SPWF on cassava. In choice tests, CWF reproduced on cassava, egg plant, tomato and tobacco, but not on cotton and sweet potato. Conversely, SPWF reproduced on sweet potato, cotton, egg plant, tomato and tobacco, but not on cassava, indicating two different biotypes. In isozymes studies five non-shared alleles to CWF and six to SPWF were observed, ascertaining the biotypes. The analysis of amplification products obtained using the single primers revealed that the CWF and SPWF do not share any similarity among them, confirming the biotypes. Secondary endosymbionts were not associated with the two biotypes.
Role of B. tabaci CWF and SPWF on Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) transmission was elucidated from cassava to cassava and cassava to tobacco, with different number of whiteflies and different acquisition access feeding periods (AAFP) and inoculation access feeding periods (IAFP). Even a single whitefly was capable of ICMV transmission under 10 h/10 h AAFP/IAFP and maximum percentage of transmission was in 48 h/48 h AAFP/IAFP. ICMV transmission in cassava plants through B. tabaci was ascertained using dot-blot immunoassay, TAS-ELISA and Immuno-scanning electron microscopy. ICMV DNA tests in whitefly stylet, salivary gland and digestive tract showed positive.
The activity of rhodanese and beta-cyanoalanine synthase; cyanide detoxifying enzymes in B. tabaci reared on cassava and sweet potato gave supportive evidence for different biotypes. Whitefly feeding induced pathogenesis related (PR) proteins in both ICMV-free and ICMV-infected cassava plants. Heavy infestation of B. tabaci showed increased level of PR proteins. Quantitative measurement and electrophoretic detection of total protein, peroxidase, chitinase and ß 1,3 glucanase in both ICMV-infected and ICMV-free cassava plants under whitefly infested and non-infested conditions revealed that cassava plants with whitefly infestation had an increased level of peroxidase, chitinase and ß 1,3 glucanase, and decreased level of total proteins.
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The authors are grateful to USIF/USDA and ICAR, New Delhi for the grant and facilities in the conduct of the approved project.
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Palaniswami, M.S., Henneberry, T.J. (2011). Bemisia tabaci (Genn.): Biotypes and Cassava Mosaic Virus in India. In: Thompson, W. (eds) The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_7
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