Abstract
Ion exchange technology remains the workhorse of various chemical, petrochemical, food, power, and pharmaceutical industries. The success of ion exchange process depends literally on understanding of its basic principles and applying them in a way suiting the nature of the treated feed. This chapter reviews the basic fundamentals and key components of ion exchange process taking into consideration the latest progress taking place in the field. The variation in the ion exchange materials, their nature, forms, and functions are reviewed. The kinetics, sorption equilibrium, operating modes, and engineering configurations for ion exchange processes are also discussed. A brief encounter for the various applications utilizing ion exchange processes is also presented.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Dardel F, Arden TV (2005) Ion exchangers. In: Ullmann F, Gerhartz W, Yamamoto YS, Campbell FT, Pfefferkorn R, Rounsaville JF (eds) Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH/GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Badawy SM (2003) Uranium isotope enrichment by complexation with chelating polymer adsorbent. Radiat Phys Chem 66:67–71
Harland CE (1994) Ion exchange: theory and practice. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
Zagorondni AA (2006) Ion exchange materials: properties and application. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Thompson HS (1850) On the absorbent power of soils. Roy Agric Soc Engl 11:68–74
Way JT (1850) On the power of soils to absorb manure. J Roy Agric Soc Engl 11:68–74
Gans R (1905) Zeolithe und ahnliche Verbindungen, ihre Konstitution und Bedeutung fiir Technik und Landwiertschafi. Jahrb Preuss Geol Landesandstadt 26:179–21
Liebknecht O (1940) Carbonaceous zeolite and the preparation thereof. US Patent 2,191,060
Smith P (1940) Manufacture of absorbent and ion exchanging materials. US Patent 2,191,063
Adams BA, Holmes EL (1935) Absorptive properties of synthetic resins. Part I. J Soc Chem Ind 54:1T–9T
D’ Alelio GF (1944) Production of synthetic polymeric compositions comprising sulphonated polymerizates of poly-vinyl aryl compounds and treatment of liquid media therewith. US Patent 2,366,007
D’ Alelio GF (1944) Production of synthetic polymeric compositions comprising aminated polymerizates of poly-vinyl aryl compounds and treatment of liquid media therewith. US Patent 2,366,008
McBurney CH (1952) Resinous insoluble reaction products of tertiary amines with haloalkylated vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon copolymers. US Patent 2,591,573
Michaelis L (1926) Die Permeabilitate von Membranen. Nutunvissen schuften 14:33–42
Meyer KH, Sievers JF (1936) La permeabilite des membranes I. Theorie de la permeabilite ionique. Helv Chim Acta 19:649–665
Juda W, McRae WA (1950) Coherent ion-exchange gels and membranes. J Am Chem Soc 72:1044–1053
Grubb WT (1959) Fuel cell. US Patent 2,913,511
Mauritz KA, Moore RB (2004) State of understanding of nafion. Chem Rev 104:4535–4585
Nasef MM (2008) In separation and purification. In: Battacharya A, Rawlins JW, Ray P (eds) Grafting and crosslinking of polymers. Wiley, New Jersey
Helfferich F (1995) Ion exchange. General Publishing Company, Toronto
De Silva F (1999) Essentials of ion exchange. In: An article presented at the 25th annual WQA conference. Lisle, USA
Garg BS, Sharma RK, Bhojak N, Mittal S (1999) Chelating resins and their applications in the analysis of trace metal ions. Microchem J 61:94–114
Goto A, Kusakabe K, Morooka S, Kago T (1993) A test of uranium recovery from seawater with a packed bed of amidoxime fiber adsorbent. Sep Sci Technol 28:1273–1285
Egawa H, Kabay N, Jyo A, Hirono M, Shuto T (1994) Recovery of uranium from seawater I. Development of amidoxime resins with high sedimentation velocity for passively driver fluidized bed adsorbers. Ind Eng Chem Res 33:657–661
Das S, Pandey AK, Athawale A, Kumar V, Bhardwaj YK, Sabharwal S, Manchanda VK (2008) Chemical aspects of uranium recovery from seawater by amidoximated electron-beam-grafted polypropylene membranes. Desalination 232:243–253
Nilchi A, Rafiee R, Babalou AA (2008) Adsorption behavior of metal ions by amidoxime chelating resins. Macromol Symp 274:101–108
Agrawal A, Sahu KK (2006) Separation and recovery of lead from a mixture of some heavy metals using Amberlite IRC 718 chelating resin. J Hazard Mater 133:299–303
Janin A, Blais J-F, Mercier G, Drogu P (2009) Selective recovery of Cr and Cu in leachate from chromated copper arsenate treated wood using chelating and acidic ion exchange resins. J Hazard Mater 169:1099–1105
Hubicki Z, Wołowicz A (2009) A comparative study of chelating and cationic ion exchange resins for the removal of palladium(II) complexes from acidic chloride media. J Hazard Mater 164:1414–1419
Kantipuly C, Katragadda S, Chow A, Gesser HD (1990) Chelating polymers and related supports for separation and preconcentration of trace metals. Talanta 37:491–517
Chen CY, Chiang CL, Huang PC (2006) Absorptions of heavy metal ions by a magnetic chelating resin containing hydroxyl and iminodiacetate groups. Sep Purif Technol 50:15–21
Crini G (2005) Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in waste water treatment. Prog Polym Sci 30:38–70
Bolto B, Gregory J (2007) Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment. Water Res 41:2301–2324
Casey JT, O’Cleirigh C, Walsh PK, O’ Shea DG (2004) Development of a robust microtiter plate-based assay method for assessment of bioactivity. J Microbiol Methods 58:327–334
Guo W, Ruckenstein E (2003) Cross-linked glass fiber affinity membrane chromatography and its application to fibronectin separation. J Chromatogr B 795:61–72
Gordon NF, Moore CMV, Cooney CL (1990) An overview of continuous protein purification processes. Biotechnol Adv 8:471–762
Voser W (1982) Isolation of hydrophilic fermentation products by adsorption chromatography. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 32:109–118
Tadashi A, Isobe E (2004) Fundamental characteristics of synthetic adsorbents intended for industrial chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr 1063:33–44
Leonard M (1997) New packing materials for protein chromatography. J Chromatogr B 699:3–27
Kawai T, Saito K, Lee W (2003) Protein binding to polymer brush, based on ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity interactions. J Chromatogr B 790:131–142
Banki MR, Wood DW (2005) Inteins and affinity resin substitutes for protein purification and scale up. Microb Cell Factor 4:32–38
Hess M, Jones RG, Kahovec J, Kitayama T, Kratochvíl P, Kubisa P, Mormann W, Stepto RFT, Tabak D, Vohlídal J, Wilks ES (2006) Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers containing. Pure Appl Chem 78:2067–2074
Neagu V, Vasiliu S, Racovita S (2010) Adsorption studies of some inorganic and organic salts on new zwitterionic ion exchangers with carboxybetaine moieties. Chem Eng J 162:965–973
Knaebel KS, Cobb DD, Shih TT, Pigford RL (1979) Ion-exchange rates in bifunctional resins. Ind Eng Chem Fundam 18:175–180
Warshawsky P (1982) Selective ion exchange polymers. Die Angew Makromolekul Chemie 10:171–196
Bernahl WE, Rossow CE (2002) Current trends in ion exchange operations-what the resins are telling us. In: Proceedings of the 63rd annual international water conference, Pittsburgh, 20–24 Oct 2002
Biswas M, Packirisamy S (1985) Synthetic ion-exchange resins. Adv Polym Sci 70:71–118
Kabay N, Yilmaz I, Bryjak M, Yüksel M (2004) Removal and recovery of boron from geothermal wastewater by selective ion-exchange resins- field tests. Desalination 167:427–438
Wang L, Qi T, Zhang Y (2006) Synthesis of novel chelating adsorbents for boron uptake from aqueous solutions. Chinese J Process Eng 6:375–379
Liu H, Ye X, Li Q, Kim T, Qing B, Guo M, Ge F, Wu Z, Lee K (2009) Boron adsorption using a new boron-selective hybrid gel and the commercial resin D564. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 341:118–126
Vernon F, Shah T (1983) The extraction of uranium from seawater by poly(amidoxime)/poly(hydroxamic acid) resins and fiber. React Polym Ion Exch Sorb 1:301–308
Seko N, Katakai A, Tamada M, Sugo T, Yoshii F (2004) Fine fibrous amidoxime adsorbent synthesized by grafting and uranium adsorption-elution cyclic test with seawater. Sep Sci Technol 39:3753–3767
Pal S, Satpati SK, Hareendran KN, Kumar SA, Thalor KL, Roy SB, Tewari PK (2010) Recovery and pre-concentration of uranium from secondary effluent using novel resin. Int J Nucl Desalination 4:28–36
Alexandratos SD (2009) Ion-exchange resins: a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:388–398
Nasef MM, Saidi H, Nor HM (1999) Radiation-induced graft copolymerization for preparation of cation exchange membranes: a review. J Nucl Sci Malaysia 1:39–54
Sata T (2004) Ion exchange membranes: preparation, characterization, modification and application. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
Hideo K, Tsuzura K, Shimizu H (1991) Ion exchange membranes. In: Dorfner K (ed) Ion exchangers. Walter de Gruyter Berlin, New York
Strathmann H (1995) Electrodialysis and related processes. In: Nobe RD, Stern SA (eds) Membrane separation technology-principles and applications. Elesevier Science B.V, Amsterdam/The Netherlands
Nasef MM, Hegazy EA (2004) Ion exchange membranes by radiation induced graft copolymerization of polar monomers onto non-polar films: preparations and applications. Prog Polym Sci 29:499–561
Nagarale RK, Gohil GS, Shahi VK (2006) Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 119:97–130
Yaroslavtsev AB, Nikonenko VV (2009) Ion-exchange membrane materials: properties, modification, and practical application. Nanotechnol in Russia 4:137–159
Klein E (2000) Affinity membranes: a 10 year review. J Membr Sci 179:1–27
Zou H, Lou Q, Zhou D (2001) Affinity membrane chromatography for the analysis and purification of proteins. J Biochem Biophys Methods 49:199–240
Ruckenstei E, Guo W (2004) Cellulose and glass fiber affinity membranes for the chromatographic separation of biomolecules. Biotechnol Prog 20:13–25
Strathmann H (2004) Ion-exchange membrane separation processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Nasef MM, Saidi H, Ujang Z (2007) Ion exchange technology for water and wastewater treatment: principles and progress in materials development. In: Manan ZA, Nasef MM, Setapar SHM (eds) Advances in separation processes. UTM press, Johor
Xu T (2005) Ion exchange membranes: state of the development and their perspective. J Membr Sci 263:1–29
Kariduraganavar MY, Nagarale RK, Kittur AA, Kulkarni SS (2006) Ion-exchange membranes preparative methods for electrodialysis and fuel cell applications. Desalination 197:225–246
Tanaka Y (2007) Ion exchange membranes: fundamentals and applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam/The Netherlands
Wheaton RM, Lefevre LJ (1981) Ion exchange. In: Kir-Othmer (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 13, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Seko N, Tamada M (2005) Current status of adsorbent for metal ions with radiation grafting and crosslinking techniques. Nucl Instr Meth B 236:21–29
Seko N, Bang LT, Tamada M (2007) Syntheses of amine-type adsorbents with emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate. Nucl Instr Meth B 265:146–149
Li Y-S, Dong Y-L (2004) Determination of anion-exchange resin performance based on facile chloride-ion monitoring by FIA-spectrophotometry with applications to water treatment operation. Anal Sci 20:831–835
Nasef MM, Saidi H, Ujang Z, Dahlan KZM (2011) Adsorption of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Ag(I) ions from aqueous solutions using crosslinked polyethylene-graft-polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane prepared by radiation grafting. J Chil Chem Soc 55:421–427
Baker R (2004) Membrane technology and applications. Wiley, Chichester
Tamada M (2009) In: 2nd RCM meeting on development of novel adsorbents and membranes by radiation grafting for environmental and industrial applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Aargau
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support by the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) under the Science Fund program (vote # 79283).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nasef, M.M., Ujang, Z. (2012). Introduction to Ion Exchange Processes. In: Dr., I., Luqman, M. (eds) Ion Exchange Technology I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1700-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1700-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1699-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1700-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)