Abstract
While this chapter serves as an introduction to all the subsequent chapters, it is quite comprehensive. A brief history as well as information on polymer synthesis, nomenclature, and properties is provided. The need to formulate polymer alloys and blends and the resulting benefits are explained. Since the vast majority of polymer pairs are thermodynamically immiscible, compatibilization and reactive extrusion are necessary to improve interfacial adhesion and to optimize blend performance. How polymer morphology is influenced both by blend composition and the imposed process conditions is discussed first. This provides the theoretical basis for understanding the concept of polymer blending.
The raison d’etre of polymer blending is developing materials having enhanced performance. Performance itself depends on the polymer pair types employed, their relative amounts, extent of miscibility, nature and amount of compatibilizer used, and the method of blending. A key issue is the process of mixing polymers during which blends undergo a complex combination of shear and elongation and the evolution of blend microstructure becomes crucial and requires close attention. Each category of polymer pairs, from commodity resins and their blends, to engineering resins and their blends, and to specialty polymers and their blends is discussed in detail. Pertinent theoretical as well as experimental results are presented and reviewed.
The concern over environmental issues and sustainability has opened up another vibrant research field, namely, biobased and biodegradable polymer blends. An overview of major developments and recent trends in biodegradable blends with an emphasis on PLA blends are also discussed. This chapter closes with an outlook for the future of this important subject.
Leszek A. Utracki: Deceased.
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Editors and Affiliations
Abbreviations
- aPP
-
Amorphous polypropylene
- AA
-
Acrylic acid
- AAS
-
Copolymer from acrylonitrile, styrene and acrylates; ASA
- ABS
-
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- ABSM
-
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-methylmethacrylate
- ACM
-
Copolymer of acrylic acid ester and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
- AES
-
Quarterpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and styrene
- AF
-
Aniline-formaldehyde
- AN
-
Acrylonitrile
- ANM
-
Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with acrylonitrile
- ASA
-
Copolymer from acrylonitrile, styrene and acrylates
- BMMM
-
Butyl methacrylate-methylmethacrylate copolymer
- bPC
-
Branched polycarbonate
- BR
-
Butadiene rubber; polybutadiene
- CA
-
Cellulose acetate
- CAS
-
Chemical Abstracts Service
- CB
-
Carbon black
- CBR
-
Cis-polybutadiene rubber
- CF
-
Carbon fiber
- CHR
-
Epichlorohydrin
- CMC
-
Critical micelle concentration
- COP
-
Cycloolefin
- COPO
-
Copolymer of carbon monoxide with polyolefins (ethylene or propylene)
- COPO-VAc
-
Carbon monoxide-ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer
- CPA
-
Copolyamide
- CPB
-
Chlorinated polybutadiene
- CPE
-
Chlorinated polyethylene
- CPVC
-
Chlorinated polyvinylchloride
- CR
-
Elastomeric polychloroprene
- CRU
-
Constitutional repeating unit
- CSM
-
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber
- CSR
-
Core-shell rubber
- CTM
-
Cavity transfer mixer
- CUT
-
Continuous use temperature
- DBSA
-
Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid
- DOP
-
Dioctyl phthalate
- EAA
-
Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer
- EBA
-
Ethylene butyl acrylate
- ECP
-
Electroconductive polymer
- EEA
-
Ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer
- EFK
-
Aromatic polyester
- EFM
-
Extensional flow mixer
- EGMA
-
Poly(ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate)
- EHEMA
-
Ethylene-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- EMAA
-
Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer
- EMAC
-
Ethylene-methacrylate copolymer
- EMMA
-
Ethylene-methylmethacrylate copolymer
- EO
-
Ethylene oxide
- EoS
-
Equation of state
- EP
-
Epoxy resin. Also engineering polymer
- EPDM
-
Ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer
- EPDM-MA
-
Maleated ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer
- EPR
-
Ethylene propylene rubber
- ESCR
-
Environmental stress-cracking resistance
- ESD
-
Electrostatic charge dissipation
- ESI
-
Ethylene-co-styrene interpolymer
- ETFE
-
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
- EVAc
-
Ethylene-vinylacetate
- EVAc-CO
-
Ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide copolymer
- EVAl
-
Ethylene vinyl alcohol
- FEP
-
Fluorinated ethylene-propylene
- GF
-
Glass fiber
- GMA
-
Glycidyl methacrylate
- GP
-
Gutta-percha
- HDPE
-
High-density polyethylene
- HDT
-
Heat deflection temperature, heat distortion temperature
- HEMA
-
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- HIPS
-
High impact polystyrene
- IIR
-
Isobutene-isoprene rubber (butyl rubber)
- IPN
-
Interpenetrating polymer network
- iPS
-
Isotactic polystyrene
- IR
-
Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene
- IUPAC
-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- JSW
-
Japan steel works
- LCP
-
Liquid-crystal polymer
- LCST
-
Lower critical solubility temperature
- LDPE
-
Low-density polyethylene
- LLDPE
-
Linear low-density polyethylene
- LTG
-
Low-temperature glass
- MA
-
Maleic anhydride
- MABS
-
Methylmethacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- MBA
-
Copolymer from methylmethacrylate, butadiene and acrylonitrile
- MBS
-
Copolymer from methylmethacrylate, butadiene and styrene
- MC
-
Molecular composite
- MDI
-
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
- MDL
-
MDL Information Systems, Inc.
- MDPE
-
Medium density polyethylene
- MD/TD
-
Machine direction/transverse direction
- MeABS
-
Graft copolymer of ABS and methylmethacrylate
- MeSAN
-
Graft copolymer of SAN and methylmethacrylate
- MF
-
Melamine formaldehyde
- MI
-
Melt index
- MFR
-
Melt flow rate
- mLDPE
-
Metallocene-catalyzed low-density polyethylene
- mLLDPE
-
Metallocene-catalyzed linear low-density polyethylene
- MMA
-
Methylmethacrylate
- MMBA
-
Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-butyl acrylate)
- MMMA
-
Methylmethacrylate-methylacrylate copolymer
- MMVAc-AA
-
Copolymer of methylmethacrylate, vinylacetate and acrylic acid
- MPS
-
Poly(α-methyl styrene)
- MSW
-
Municipal solid waste
- MW
-
Molecular weight
- MWD
-
Molecular weight distribution
- NBR
-
Elastomeric copolymer from butadiene and acrylonitrile; nitrile rubber
- NC
-
Nitrocellulose
- NDB
-
Negatively deviating blend
- NPDB
-
Negative and positive deviating blend
- NR
-
Natural rubber
- P4MP
-
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)
- PA
-
Polyamides, nylon
- PAc
-
Polyacetylene
- PACE
-
Polyacetylene
- PAE
-
Polyarylether
- PAEB
-
Poly(p-aminoethyl benzoate)
- PAEK
-
Polyaryletherketone
- PAES
-
Polyarylethersulfone
- PAI
-
Polyamide-imide
- PAN
-
Polyacrylonitrile
- PANI
-
Polyaniline
- PAr
-
Polyarylate
- PARA
-
Polyarylamide; aromatic amorphous polyamide
- PArSi
-
Poly(aryloxysiloxane)
- PB
-
Polymer blend; polybutadiene
- PB-1
-
Poly-1-butene
- PBA
-
Polybutylacrylate
- PBG
-
Polybutyleneglycol
- PBI
-
Polybenzimidazole
- PBMA
-
Poly(butyl methacrylate)
- PBSA
-
Polybutylene-succinate adipate
- PBT
-
Polybutylene terephthalate
- PC
-
Polycarbonate
- PCHA
-
Polycyclohexyl acrylate
- PCHE
-
Polycyclohexylethylene
- PCHMA
-
Polycyclohexyl methacrylate
- PCL
-
Polycaprolactone
- PCO
-
Polycycloolefin
- PCS
-
Poly-2-chlorostyrene
- PCTF
-
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- PCTFE
-
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- PCTG
-
Copolymer of cyclohexanedimethanol, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol
- PDB
-
Positively deviating blend
- PDMDPhS
-
Poly(dimethyl-diphenyl siloxane)
- PDMS
-
Polydimethylsiloxane, polysiloxane
- PDPS
-
Polydiphenylsiloxane
- PE
-
Polyethylene
- PEA
-
Polyethylacrylate; polyesteramide; polyether-amide
- PEBA
-
Polyether-block-amide
- PEC
-
Polyestercarbonate
- PEEI
-
Copolyesteretherimide
- PEEK
-
Polyether ether ketone; polyaryletherketone
- PEG
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PEI
-
Polyetherimide
- PEIm
-
Polyetherimine
- PEK
-
Polyetherketone
- PEKK
-
Polyetherketone
- PEMA
-
Polyethylmethylacrylate
- PEN
-
Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)
- PEO
-
Polyethylene oxide
- PEOX
-
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
- PES
-
Polyethersulfone
- PEST
-
Thermoplastic polyester
- PET
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PETG
-
Polyethyleneterephthalateglycol
- PF
-
Phenol-formaldehyde
- PGA
-
Polyglycolic acid
- PGI
-
Polyglutarimide
- PHA
-
Polyhydroxyalcanoate
- PHB
-
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- PHBA
-
Poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid)
- PHT
-
Polyhexamethyleneterephthalate
- PHZ
-
Polyphosphazene
- PI
-
Polyimide
- PIB
-
Polyisobutylene
- PISO
-
Polyimide-sulfone
- PLA
-
Polylactic acid
- PMA
-
Polymethacrylate
- PMB
-
Polyp-methylenebenzoate
- PMI
-
Polymethacrylimide
- PMMA
-
Poly(methylmethacrylate), acrylic
- PMP
-
Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene
- PMPhS
-
Polymethylphenylsiloxane
- PMS
-
Polymethylstyrene
- PNDB
-
Positive and negative deviating blend
- PO
-
Polyolefin
- POBA
-
Polyoxybenzoyl acid, rigid-rod polymer
- POCA
-
Polyoxycyanoarylene
- POD
-
Polyoctadecene
- POM
-
Polyoxymethylene
- POT
-
Poly-3-octyl thiophene
- PP
-
Polypropylene
- PPA
-
Polyphthalamide
- PPBA
-
Polyparabanic acid
- PPCO
-
Polypropylene carbonate
- PPE
-
Polyphenylene ether
- PPG
-
Propylene glycol
- PPhA
-
Polyphthalamide
- PPMA
-
Poly-n-propyl methacrylate
- PpMS
-
Poly-p-methylstyrene
- PPP
-
Polyparaphenylene
- PPS
-
Polyphenylenesulfide
- PPSS
-
Polyphenylenesulfidesulfone
- PPT
-
Polypropylene terephthalate
- PPTA
-
Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)
- PPy
-
Polypyrrole
- PS
-
Polystyrene, styrenic
- PSF
-
Polysulfide; polysulfone
- PSIB
-
Polyisobutylene-block-polystyrene
- PSOX
-
Polystyrene grafted with 2-oxazoline
- PSS
-
Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)
- PSU
-
Polyarylsulfone
- PTES
-
Polythioethersulfone
- PTFE
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- PTO
-
Polytransoctanamer
- PVA
-
Polyvinylacetate
- PVAl
-
Polyvinyl alcohol
- PVB
-
Polyvinyl bromide
- PVC
-
Polyvinyl chloride, vinyl
- PVCAc
-
Poly(vinylchloride-co-vinylacetate)
- PVDC
-
Polyvinylidenechloride
- PVDC-MeA
-
Vinylidenechloride-methylacrylate copolymer
- PVDF
-
Polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVF
-
Polyvinyl fluoride
- PVFO
-
Polyvinyl formal
- PVME
-
Poly vinyl methyl ether
- PVP
-
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPh
-
Polyvinylphenol
- SAA
-
Poly(styrene-acrylic acid)
- SAN
-
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
- SAN-MAc
-
Copolymer of SAN and methacrylic acid
- SB
-
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer
- SBR
-
Styrene-butadiene rubber
- SBS
-
Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
- SEB
-
Styrene-ethylene/butylene
- SEBS
-
Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer
- SEP
-
Styrene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer
- SH
-
Strain hardening
- SI
-
Styrene-isoprene block copolymer
- SIS
-
Styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer
- SMA
-
Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)
- SMI
-
Copolymer from styrene and maleimide
- SMM
-
Styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer
- SMMA
-
Styrene methylmethacrylate
- sPhPS
-
Syndiotactic poly(p-phenyl styrene)
- sPP
-
Syndiotactic polypropylene
- sPS
-
Syndiotactic polystyrene
- SSE
-
Single-screw extruder
- TM
-
Thio-rubber
- TMPC
-
Polycarbonate of tetramethyl bisphenol-A
- TPE
-
Thermoplastic elastomer
- TPU
-
Thermoplastic polyurethane
- TPV
-
Thermoplastic vulcanizate
- TS
-
Thermoset polyester
- TSE
-
Twin-screw extruder
- UF
-
Urea-formaldehyde
- UHMWPE
-
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
- UHMW-PMMA
-
Ultra-high molecular weight poly(methylmethacrylate)
- UHMW-PS
-
Ultra-high molecular weight polystyrene
- ULDPE
-
Ultra low-density polyethylene
- VCM
-
Vinyl chloride monomer
- VPh
-
Vinylphenol
- VLDPE
-
Very low-density polyethylene
- XLPE
-
Cross-linked polyethylene
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Utracki, L.A., Mukhopadhyay, P., Gupta, R.K. (2014). Polymer Blends: Introduction. In: Utracki, L., Wilkie, C. (eds) Polymer Blends Handbook. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_3
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