Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A neurodevelopmental perspective on some epiphenomena of schizophrenia

  • Chapter
Plasticity and Morphology of the Central Nervous System

Abstract

Although both Kraepelin and Eugene Bleuler believed that schizophrenia was usually a deteriorating disorder, influential voices now question this. For example, Manfred Bleuler[1] estimated that 25% of his cases recovered completely, 50% ran a fluctuating course, while only 10% showed severe and permanent impairment. Several other follow-up studies have shown a more benign outcome than the traditional view would have predicted[2–4]. This has lead Zubin[5] to dispute the existence of any underlying disease process, and to postulate instead a ‘vulnerability model’ in which the schizophrenic individual is seen as characterised by some permanent predisposition to episodes of illness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bleuler, M (1978). The schizophrenic disorders. New Haven Yale University Press

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bland, RC Parker, JH and Orn, H (1976). Prognosis in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 33, 949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ciompi, L (1980). The natural history of schizophrenia in the long-term. Brit. J. Psychiat, 136, 413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wing, JK (1987). Has the outcome of schizophrenia changed? Brit. Med. Bull. 43, 741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zubin, J. (1988). Chronicity versus vulnerability. In Tsuang, MT and Simpson, JC (Eds) Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics of Schizophrenia p. 463. Elsevier Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Johnstone, EC Crow, TJ Frith CD Husband, J and Kreel, L (1976). Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, 2, 924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Woods, BT and Wolf, J (1983). A reconsideration of the relation of ventricular enlargement to duration of illness in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat, 140, 1564.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Shelton, RC and Weinberger, DR (1986). CT studies in schizophrenia. In Nasrallah, H and Weinberger, DR. The Neurology of Schizophrenia, p 207. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Reveley, M and MR (1987). Application of imaging techniques. Brit. Med. Bull., 43, 615.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nasrallah, HA Olsen, SC McCalley-Whitters, M Chapman, S and Jacoby, GC (1986). Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a preliminary follow-up study. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 43, 157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Illowsky, B Juliano, DM Bigelow, LB and Weinberger, DR (1988). Stability of CT scan findings in schizophrenia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. and Psychiat, 51, 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Reveley, M Chitkara, B and Lewis, S (1988). Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sacchetti, E, Vita, A Calzeroni, A Invernizzi, G and Cazullo, CL (1987). Neuromorphological correlates of schizophrenic disorders. In Cazullo et al (eds). Etiopathogenetic Hypotheses of Schizophrenia. MTP Press Lancaster.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Davison, K and Bagley, CR (1969). Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic disorder of the CNS. R.N. Herrington (Ed). Current Problems in Neuropsychiatry. Headley, Kent.

    Google Scholar 

  15. O’Callaghan, E and Larkin, C (1988). Early onset schizophrenia after teenage head injury. Brit. J. Psychiat. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wilcox, J.A. and Nasrallah, HA (1987). Childhood head trauma and psychosis. Psychiat. Res, 21, 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Achte, K.A., Hillbrom, E. and Aalberg, V (1969). Psychosis following war brain injuries. Acta Psychiat. Scand., 45, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. McNeill, TF and Kaij, L (1978). Obstetric factors in the development of schizophrenia. Wynne, LC, Cromwell, RL and Matthysse, S. The Nature of Schizophrenia p. 401. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lewis, SW, Owen MJ and Murray, RM (1988). Obstetric complications and schizophrenia; methodology and mechanisms. Tamminga, CA and Schulz, SC. Schizophrenia: A Scientific Focus. O.U.P. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Owen, M Lewis SW and Murray, RM (1987). Obstetric Complications and cerebral abnormality in schizophrenia. In Cazullo et al (eds) Etiopathogenetic Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. MTP Press. Lancaster.

    Google Scholar 

  21. O’Callaghan, E Larkin, C and Waddington, J (1988). Paper presented at the 4th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. Badgastein.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Murray, RM Lewis SW and Reveley AM (1985) Towards an aetiological classification of schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 1023.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Guy, JD, Majorski, LV, Wallace, CJ and Guy, MP (1983). The incidence of minor physical anomalies in adult male schizophrenics. Schiz. Bull., 9, 571.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Green, MF Satz, P Soper, HV and Kharabi, F (1987). Relationship between physical anomalies and age at onset of schizophrenia. Amer. J. Psychiat, 144, 666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mosher, LR, Pollin, W and Stabenau, JR (1971). Identical twins discordant for schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. psychiat, 24, 422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kringlen, E (1967). Heredity and environment in the functional psychoses. London, William Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lewis, SW Chitkara, B Reveley AM and Murray, RM (1987). Family history and birthweight in MZ Twins Concordant and Discordant for psychosis. Acta Genet. Med. Gemmellol., 36, 267.

    Google Scholar 

  28. McNeill, TF (1988) Paper presented at the 4th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. Badgastein.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Leichty, EA Gilmore, RL Bryson, CQ and Bull, J (1983) Outcome of high risk neonates with ventriculomegaly. Devel. Med. Child. Neurol, 25, 162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. DeVries, LS Dubowitz, LMS Dubowitz, V et al (1985). Predictive value of cranial ultrasound in the newborn baby. Lancet, 2, 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Volpe, JJ (1981) Neurology of the Newborn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Janowsky, JS and Finlay, BL (1986) The outcome of perinatal brain damage. Devl. Med. Child Neurol., 29, 243.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Randall, PL (1983) Schizophrenia, abnormal connection and brain evolution. Medical Hypothesis, 10. 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Goodman, R. (1989). Limits to Cerebral Plasticity. In Johnson, DA Utley, D Wyke, M (Eds) Children’s Head Injury: who cares? Falmer, Basingstoke.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bogerts, B Meertz, E Schonfeld-Bausch, R (1985) Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 42, 784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Brown, R, Colter, N, Corsellis, J., Crow, T., Frith, CD, Jagoe, R, Johnstone, EC and Marsh, L (1986). Post-mortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. psychiat., 43, 36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kovelman, JA and Schiebel, AB (1984) A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 19, 1601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jacob, H and Beckman, H (1986) Prenatal development disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J. Neural. Transmiss., 65, 303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bogerts, B. (1988). Limbic and Paralimbic Pathology in Schizophrenia. In Tamminga, CA and Schulz, C. Schizophrenia: A Scientific Focus. O.U.P. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Roberts, GW Colter, N Lofthouse, R Johnstone, EC and Crow, T (1986). Is there gliosis in schizophrenia? Biol. Psychiat. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Taylor, DC (1975) Factors influencing the occurrence of schizophrenia-like psychosis in patients with TLE. Psychol. Med., 5, 249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Goodman, R. (1988). Neuronal missconnections and psychiatric disorder. Brit. J. Psychiat. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bruton, C (1988) A Neuropathological Study of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Maudsley Monograph. O.U.P. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Stevens, J (1988) Paper presented at the 4th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Badgastein.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Reveley, A.M. and Reveley, MA (1983). Aqueduct Stenosis and Schizophrenia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 46, 18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Blackshaw, S and Bowen, RC (1987) A case of atypical psycosis associated with alexithymia and a left fronto-temporal lesion. Can. J. Psychiat., 32, 688.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewis, SW (1986) Schizophrenics with and without intracranial abnormalities on CT. MPhil Thesis. Univ. of London.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lewis, SW and Mezey, GC (1985) Clinical correlates of septum pellucidum cavities. Psychol. Med., 15, 43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lewis, SW, Reveley, MA David, AS and Ron, MA (1988) Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum and Schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Andreason, N (1988) Paper presented at the 4th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Badgastein.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Njiokiktjien, C (1988) Paedriatric Behaviour Neurology, Suyi, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Barth, PG (1987). Disorders of Neuronal Migration. Can. J. Neurol. Sci, 14, 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Murray, RM Lewis, SW Owen, MJ and Foerster, A (1988). The Neurodevelopmental Origins of Dementia Praecox. In McGuffin, P and Bebbington, P. (Eds) Schizophrenia; the Major Issues, Heinemann, London.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Goldman-Rakic, PS (1987) Circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behaviour by representational knowledge. In Plum, F and Mountcastle, V. Handbook of Physiology vol. 5, p 373. American Physiological Society. Bethesda.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Weinberger, DR (1987). Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat, 44, 660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Huttenlocher, PR (1979). Synaptic density in human frontal cortex-developmental changes and effects of ageing. Brain Res, 163, 195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Department of Health and Social Security (1986). Statistical Bulletin No. 1. London.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lewine, R (1981). Sex differences in schizophrenia. Psychol. Bull., 90, 432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Loranger, AW (1984). Sex difference in age of onset of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 41, 157.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rosenthal, D. (1971) Genetics of Psychopathology. McGraw-Hill. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Aylward, E Walker, E and Bettes, B (1984). Intelligence in schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull., 10, 430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kokes, R Strauss, JS and Klorman, R (1977). Measuring premorbid adjustment. Schiz. Bull, 3, 186.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Seeman, MV (1982). Gender differences in schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiat, 27, 107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Katschnig, H. and Lenz, G (1988). Paper presented at the 4th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. Badgastein.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lewine, R Burbach, D and Meltzer, H (1984) Effects of diagnostic criteria on the ratio of male to female schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 141, 84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kringlen, E (1987) Contributions of Genetic Studies on Schizophrenia. Hafner, H Gattaz, W and Janzarik, W. The Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia p. 123. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rosenthal, D. (1962). Familial concordance by sex with respect to schizophrenia. Psychol. Bull., 59, 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Rosanoff, A Handy, L Plesset, I and Brusch, S (1934) The Etiology of so-called schizophrenic psychoses. Amer. J. Psychiat, 91, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Schulsinger, F, Mednick, SA Walker, EF Cudeck, R and Moffitt, T (1980). Biosocial implications growing from high-risk research. Acta Psychiat. Scand, Suppl. 285, 62, 112.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Amato, M, Howald, H. Von Muralt, G (1987) Foetal sex distribution of peri-intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants. Eur. Neurol., 27, 20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ratakallio, P and Von Wendt, L. (1985). Prognosis for low birth weight infants up to the age of 14. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 27, 655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Flor-Henry, P (1978). Gender, hemispheric specialisation and psychopathology. Soc. Sci, and Med., 12B, 155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Flor-Henry, P. (1969). Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 10, 363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Taylor, PJ (1987) Hemispheric lateraliation and schizophrenia. In Heimchen, H and Henn, FA. Biological Perspectives of Schizophrenia p 125. John Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lishman WA and McMeekan, ERL (1976). Hand preference patterns in psychiatric patients. Br. J. Psychiat. 129, 158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hauser, P Pollock, B, Finkelberg, F, et al (1985). On sinistrality and sex differences in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 142, 1228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tyler, M. (1988) Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  78. O’Callaghan, MJ Tudehope, DI Dugdale, AE Mohany, H Burns, Y and Cook, F (1987). Handedness in children with birthweights below 1000 gm Lancet, i, 1155.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ross, G Lipper EG Auld PAM (1987) Hand preference of four year old children. Devel. Med. Child. Neurol, 29, 615.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Orsini, DL and Satz, P (1986). A syndrome of pathological left-handedness. Arch. Neurol, 43, 333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Henry, RR Satz, P and Saslow, E (1984) Early brain damage and the ontogenesis of functional asymmetry. In Early Brain Damage Vol. 1. Academic Press. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nasrallah, HA McCalley-Whitters M and Kuperman, S (1982). Neurological differences between paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiat., 42, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Shimizu, A Yamaguchi, H and Isaki, K. Hand preference in schizophrenics and handedness conversion in children. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 72, 259.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Reveley, M. Reveley, A and Baldy R (1987) Left cerebral hypodensity in discordant schizophrenic twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiat, 44, 625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hays, P (1977) Electroencephalographic variants and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 40, 753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Lishman, WA, Toone, BK and Colbourne, CJ (1978) Dichotic listening in psychotic patients. Br. J. Psychiat. 132, 333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bradbury, TN and Miller, A (1985) Season of birth in schizophrenia. Psychol. Bull., 98, 569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kinney, DK and Jacobsen, B (1978) Environmental factors in schizophrenia. Wynne, LC, Cromwell, RL and Matthysse, S. The Nature of Schizophrenia. p. 38. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Shur, E (1982). Season of birth in high and low genetic risk schizophrenics. Brit. J. Psychiat. 140, 410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Hsieh, H., Khan, MH Atwal, SS and Cheng, SC (1987) Season of birth and subtypes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat. Scand., 75, 373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Nasrallah, H and McCalley-Whitters, M (1984) Seasonality of births in subtypes of chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat. Scand., 69, 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Templer, DI and Veleber, DM (1982) Seasonality of schizophrenic births. Brit. J. Psychiat, 140 323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Peckham, CS (1978). Congenital Rubella surveillance. J. Roy. Coll. Phycns, 12, 250.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sunderland, R., Carpenter, RG and Gardner, A (1982). Are all born equal? Brit. Med. J. 284, 624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Watson, CG Kucala T Tilleskjor, C and Jacobs, L (1984) Schizophrenic birth seasonality in relation to the incidence of infectious diseases. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 41, 85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mednick, SA Machon, RA Huttenen, MO and Bonnett, D (1988) Adult Schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch. Gen. Psychiat, 45, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Videbech, TL Weeke, A and Dupont, A (1974) Endogenous psychoses and season of birth. Acta. Psychiat. Scand, 50, 202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kendler, KS (1982) Season of birth of schizophrenic, neurotic and psychiatrically normal twins. Br. J. Psychiat. 141, 186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Zipursky, RB and Schulz, SC (1987) Seasonality of birth and CT findings in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat. 22, 1288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sacchetti, E Vita, A Battaglia, M Calzeroni A Conte, T Invernizzi, G and Cazullo, CL (1987). Season of birth and cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. In Cazullo et al (eds) Etiopathogenetic Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. MTP Press Lancaster

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. M. Murray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. J. Owen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Goodman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. W. Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto di Clinica Psichiatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

    C. L. Cazzullo , E. Sacchetti , G. Conte , G. Invernizzi  & A. Vita , , ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murray, R.M., Owen, M.J., Goodman, R., Lewis, S.W. (1990). A neurodevelopmental perspective on some epiphenomena of schizophrenia. In: Cazzullo, C.L., Sacchetti, E., Conte, G., Invernizzi, G., Vita, A. (eds) Plasticity and Morphology of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0851-2_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0851-2_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6870-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0851-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation