Abstract
The long historical and contemporary impact of Western academic models, practices and orientations on Asian universities in such countries as India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore shaped the nature of higher education systems in these countries. The Japanese colonial impact in Korea and Taiwan is also significant and an interesting variation on the colonial theme. Several Asian countries, including Thailand, Japan and China were not formally colonized, but the mixture of influence on the academic institutions that has developed in these countries reflects considerable Western influence. Contemporary factors such as the international knowledge system, the numbers of students studying in Western nations and patterns of scientific interaction also have a major impact on the growth of universities in Asia.
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Notes
Eric Ashby, Universities: British, Indian African (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966). See also Eric Ashby, African Universities and Western Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964).
Michio Nagai, Higher Education in Japan: Its Take-Off and Crash (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1971).
Ruth Hayhoe and Marianne Bastid, eds., China’s Education and the Industrialized World: Studies in Cultural Transfer (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1987).
“English: Out to Conquer the World” US News and World Report (February 18,1985): 49–57.
See Philip G. Altbach, ed., The Relevance of American Higher Education to Southeast Asia (Singapore: Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1985).
For further discussion of this theme, see Philip G. Altbach, The Knowledge Context: Comparative Perspectives on the Distribution of Knowledge (Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1987).
The Philippines is attempting to gradually move toward the use of Pilipino as a medium of instruction in higher education. Numerous obstacles have been encountered, such as a lack of textbooks, reluctance of academic staff to teach in the language and others.
Julia Kwong, Cultural Revolution in China’s Schools, May 1966-April, 1969 (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1988).
E. Garfield, “Mapping Science in the Third World,” Science and Public Policy, (June: 1983): 112–126. See also E. Garfield, “Science in the Thrid World” Science Age, (October-November, 1983): 59–65.
Lawrence B. Krause, Koh Ai Tee and Lee Yuan, The Singapore Economy Reconsidered (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987). See also Ching Meng Kng, Linda Low, Tay Book Nga, and Armna Tyabji, Technology and Skills in Singapore (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 1986).
William Cummings, et al., eds. Educational Policies in Crisis: Japanese and American Perspectives (New York: Praeger, 1986).
Eric Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, African.
Joseph Ben-David, Centers of Learning: Britain, France, Germany, United States (New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1977), pp. 93–126.
Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).
E. Patricia Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, 1895–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).
See Philip G. Altbach and Gail P. Kelly, eds., Education and the Colonial Experience (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction, 1984).
Ronald Dore, Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1988).
Philip G. Altbach, “Knowledge Networks in the Modern World” in The Knowledge Context, ed. P. G. Altbach, pp. 169–186.
For example, see Ali Marzui, “The African University as a Multinational Corporation: Problems of Penetration and Dependency,” Harvard Educational Review 45 (May, 1975): 191–210 and Keith Smith, “Who Controls Book Publishing in Anglophone Middle Africa? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 421 (September, 1975): 140–150.
R.M. Thomas, A Chronicle of Indonesian Higher Education (Singapore: Chopmen, 1973).
Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1974).
Eric Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, African
Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education...
Irene Gilbert, “The Indian Academic Profession: the Origins of a Tradition of Subordination,” Minerva 10 (July, 1972): 384–411.
Michio Nagai, Higher Education in Japan...
Philip West, Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916–1952 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976).
Ruth Hayhoe and Mairanne Bastid. See also Merle Goldman, China’s Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).
T. H. Silcock, Southeast Asian University: A Comparative Account of Some Development Problems (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1964).
David Wyatt, The Politics of Reform in Thailand: Education in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964).
For a broader perspective, see Philip G. Altbach, Higher Education in the Third World: Themes and Variations (New York: Advent, 1987).
For a consideration of foreign students issues in Asia, see William Cummings and Weng-Cheung So, “The Preference of Asian Overseas Students for the United States: An examination of the Context,” Higher Education 14 (August, 1985): 403–424.
See Philip G. Altbach, David Kelly and Y. Lulat, Research on Foreign Students and International Study (New York: Praeger, 1985) for a consideration of issues related to foreign study.
See Hans Weiler, “The Political Dilemmas of Foreign Study” in Bridges to Knowledge ed. E. Barber et al. (Chicago: Universtiy of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 184–195.
Philip G. Altbach and S. Gopinathan, “Textbooks and Third World Higher Education” in Textbooks in the Third World, ed. P. G. Altbach and G.P. Kelly (New York: Garland, 1988) pp. 45–64.
Roland Puccetti, “Authoritarian Government and Academic Subservience: The University of Singapore” Minerva 10 (April 1972): 223–241.
Philip G. Altbach, “The American Academic Model in Comparative Perspective” in The Relevance of American Higher ducation to Southeast Asia, pp. 15–36.
See, for example, John W. Hanson, Education, Nsukka: A Study of Institution Building Among the Modern Ibo (East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University, 1968).
Y. Raghaviah, ed. Third World Education and Post War American Influences (Hyderabad, India: Osmania University, 1982).
Wichit Srisa-an, Innovations in Higher Education for Development in Thailand (Singapore: Maruzen, 1982).
Banphot Virasai, ed. Higher Education in Southeast Asia in the Next Decade (Singapore: Regional Institute for Higher Education and Development, 1977). See also Philip G. Altbach, Higher Education in the Third World.
David Lelyveld, Aligarh’s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).
Amrik Singh, Redeeming Higher Education (Delhi: Ajanta Books, 1985).
V. Selvaratnam, “The Higher Education System in Malaysia: Metropolitan, Cross-National, Peripheral or National?” Higher Education 14 (October, 1985): 477–496.
Edward Shils, The Academic Ethos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
In Singapore, however, expatriate academics feel that contract renewals may be jeopardized by publications considered critical.
S. Gopinathan, “Intellectual Dependence and Indigenization Response: Singapore and Malaysia,” (Published Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1986).
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Altbach, P.G. (1989). Twisted roots: The Western impact on Asian higher education. In: Altbach, P.G., Selvaratnam, V. (eds) From Dependence to Autonomy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2563-2_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2563-2_1
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