Abstract
In this chapter we attempt to present a brief introduction to the subject of air-sea gas exchange. First the basic equations governing such exchange are given, then a review of some models proposed to describe the gas transfer process. Following this, experimental approaches through both laboratory (principally using wind/water tunnels) and field measurements are summarised. Finally, we present what seems to us to be the best current synthesis of the wind tunnel and field results for the prediction of gas exchange rates across the sea surface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Broecker, H.C., J. Petermann and W. Siems, 1978: ‘The influence of wind on C02-exchange in a wind-wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers.’ J. Mar. Res., 36, 595–610.
Broecker, H.C. and W. Siems, 1984: ‘The role of bubbles for gas transfer from water to air at higher windspeeds. Experiments in the wind- wave facility in Hamburg.’ In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, eds. ), Reidel, 229–236.
Broecker, W.S. and T.H. Peng, 1974: ‘Gas exchange rates between air and sea.’ Tellus, 26, 21 – 35.
Broecker, W.S. and T.H. Peng, 1984: ‘Gas exchange measurements in natural systems.’ In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, eds.), Reidel, 479 – 493.
Broecker, W., J.R. Ledwell, T. Takahashi, R. Weiss, L. Merlivat, L. Memery, T.H. Peng, B. Jahne and K.O. Munnich, 1986: ‘Isotopic versus micrometeorologic ocean CO2 fluxes: an order of magnitude conflict.’ Submitted.
Brutsaert, W. and G.H. Jirka (eds.), 1984: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Reidel, 539 pp.
Danckwerts, P.V., 1951: ‘Significance of liquid-film coefficients in gas absorption.’ Ind. Engng. Chem., 43, 1460–1467.
Deacon, E.L., 1977: ‘Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface.’ Tellus, 29, 363–374.
Deacon, E.L. T981: ‘Sea-air gas transfer: the wind speed dependence.’ Boundary-Layer Met 21, 31–37.
Hartman, B. and D.E. HammoncT, 1984: ‘Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in South San Francisco Bay.’ J. Geophys. Res 89, 3593–3603.
Higbie, R., 1935: ‘The role of absorption of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure.’ Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engr.. 35, 365–373.
Jähne, B., 1800: Zur Parameterisierung des Gasaustausches mit Hilfe von Laborexperimenten, Doctoral dissertation, University of Heidelberg, 124 pp.
Jöhne, B., K.O. Munnich and U. Siegenthaler, 1979: ‘Measurements of gas exchange and momentum transfer in a circular wind-water tunnel.’ Tellus, 31, 321–329.
Jähne, B., W.TTuber, A. Dutzi, T. Wais and J. Ilmberger, 1984: ‘Wind/ wave - tunnel experiment on the Schmidt number - and wave field dependence of air/water gas exchange.’ In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, eds. ), Reidel, 303 – 309.
Jones, E.P. and S.D. Smith, 1977: ‘A first measurement of sea-air CO2 flux by eddy correlation.’ J. Geophys. Res, 82, 5990 – 5992.
Kerman, B.R., 1984: ‘A model of interfacial gas transfer for a well- roughened sea.’ J. Geophys. Res, 29, 1439 – 1446.
Ledwell, J.J., 1984: ‘The variation of The gas transfer coefficient with molecular diffusivity.’ In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, eds. ), Reidel, 293 – 302.
Lenschow, D.H., R. Pearson and B.B. Stankov, 1982: ‘Measurements of ozone vertical flux to ocean and forest.’ J. Geophys. Res 87, 8833–8837.
Liss, P.S., 1983a: ‘Gas transfer: Experiments and geochemical implications.’ In: Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles(P.S. Liss and W.G.N. Slinn, eds. ), Reidel, 241 – 298.
Liss, P.S., 1983b: ‘The exchange of biogeochemically important gases across the air-sea interface.’ In: The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions(B. Bolin and R.B. Cook, eds. ), Wiley, 411 – 426.
Merlivat, L. and L. Memery, 1983: ‘Gas exchange across an air-water interface: Experimental results and modelling of bubble contribution to transfer.’ J. Geophys. Res, 88, 707 – 724.
Monahan, E.C., and I. O’Muirchaertaich, 1980: ‘Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind speed.’ J. Phys. Oceanogr 10, 2094–2099.
Peng, T.H., W.S. Broecker, G.G. Mathieu, Y.H. Li and A.E. Bainbridge, 1979: ‘Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as determined during the GEOSECS Program.’ J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2471 – 2486.
Reichardt, H., 1951: ‘Vollstöndige darstellung der turbulenten geschwindigkeitsverteilung in glatten leitungen.’ Z. angew. Math. Mech 31, 208–219.
Roether, W., 1986: ‘Field measurements of gas exchange.’ In: Dynamic Processes in the Chemistry of the Upper Ocean (J.D. Burton et al., eds.) Plenum, in press.
Roether, W. and B. Kromer, 1984: ‘Optimum application of the radon deficit method to obtain air-sea gas exchange rates.’ In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces(W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, eds. ), Reidel, 447 – 457.
Smethie, W.M., T. Takahashi, D.W. Chipman and J.R. Ledwell, 1985: ‘Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222Rn and pCO2 measurements.’ J. Geophys. Res 90, 7005–7022.
Smith, S.D. and E.P. Jones, 1985: ‘Evidence for wind-pumping of air-sea gas exchange based on direct measurements of CO2 fluxes.’ J. Geophys. Res 90, 869–875.
Wanninkhof, R., J.R. Ledwell and W.S. Broecker, 1985: ‘Gas exchange- wind speed relation measured with sulfur hexafluoride on a lake.’ Science, 227, 1224–1226.
Wesley, M.L., ITTK. Cook, R.L. Hart and R.M. Williams, 1982: ‘Air-sea exchange of CO2 and evidence for enhanced upward fluxes.’ J. Geophys. Res, 87, 8827 - 8832.
Whitman, W.G., 1923: ‘The two-film theory of gas absorption.’ Chem. metall. Engng., 29, 146 – 148.
Yaglom, A.M. and B.A. Kader, 1974: ‘Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Peclet numbers.’ J. Fluid Mech 62, 601–623.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liss, P.S., Merlivat, L. (1986). Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis. In: Buat-Ménard, P. (eds) The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. NATO ASI Series, vol 185. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4738-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8606-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4738-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive