Abstract
The chemistry and physical chemistry of starch is of great interest to foodstuffs manufacturers, as it constitutes an excellent raw material which can be used when an inert, neutral, edible filler is required, where liquids such as soups, etc. are to be thickened or where gels are required, as with blancmange, custard powders, etc.
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References
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Additional References
Kelly, V. J. and Fry, W. G., USP 3,524,746, 18 Aug. 1970. (Describes preparation of thickened precooked baby food by addition of a 40–50% solution of acetylated or alkylene oxide etherified waxy starch; is stable to long cold storage.)
American Maize Products Co., USP 3,527,646, 8 Sept. 1970. ( Describes method of coating foods with edible amorphous film using pregelled starch. )
Cole, M., USP 3,479,191, 18 Nov. 1969. (Dehydrated foods protected by coating of amylose ester of a fatty acid having 12–26 atoms and a D.S. 2.4–3.0 amylase myristate exemplified.)
McGinley, F. A., USP 3,523,025, 4 Aug. 1970. (Prepare precooked rice by heating in water 2-4 hours at 50°C adding 0.05–0.5% chelating agent and 0.1–1.0% starch complexing agent simmering for 6 min, drain, treat with dry steam wash with cold water and dry off at 60–100°C to 8–16% H20 content.)
Nakajima, M., et al., Takeda Kenkyusho Ho, 1970, 29, 507. (Partially hydrolysed maize starch with HC1 to DE 9.9–69.7, hydrogenated and evaporated to 75% solids. Hygroscopicity, viscosity, adhesiveness and sweetness are dependent on the degree of hydrolysis. Product more heat stable than usual sugars, does not brown with amino acids and prevents colour and flavour changes in stored food products.)
Unilever Ltd, BP 1,131,996, 30 Oct. 1968. (Snack food product by extruding mixture of water (32–45%), pregelled starch and a saturated monoglyceride with added fat and flavour, dividing and cooking in field of high intensity infra-red radiation to puff.)
Ingleton, J. F., Confect.Prod., 1970,36,631 and 644. (Uses of starch in sugar confectionery described.)
National Dairy Corp., NV, BP 1,074,117, 28 July 1967. ( Manufacture of potato ‘chips’ or ‘crisps’ from potato flour and starch and treatment of the extruded mass. )
National Dairy Corp. NV, Neth. Pat. 67/04,854, 9 Oct. 1967. (Preparation of foodstuffs from cereal starches containing more than 50% by wt of amylose.)
National Dairy Corp. NV, BP 1,200,396, 15 Oct. 1968. ( Puffed product; extruded dough of potato product, vegetable oil and gelatinised, inhibited and acetylated waxy maize starch and suitably cooking. )
Schoch, T. J., Dempun Kogyo Gakaishi., 1969, 17, 261. (Reviews chemical and physical properties of starches used in foods.)
National Starch and Chemical Co., Neth. Pat. 68/14,767, Appl. 16 Oct. 1968. (Pre- gelatinised tapioca starch 1-10 to water, extruding dough and cooking to obtain fluffy crisp foodstuff.)
Ellinger, C., Bean, M., Fuller, G. and Keagy, P. M., Food Product Development, 1971, 5, 38 and 41. (The effect of surfactants derived from 12-hydroxystearic acid on the gelatinisation properties of starch are examined.)
AVEBE, BP 1,220,694,11 Apr. 1968. (Thickened milk products can be made by the use of esterified or etherified amylopectin crosslinked with POCI3 and milk powder heated to 110-150°C. Instead of amylopectin the waxy starches suitably derivatised and similarly crosslinked can be used.)
Szymanski, C. D. and Wurtzburg, O., J. Agric. Food Chem., 1970, 18, 997. (Discuss preparation of various modified starches and their uses in food products.)
National Starch and Chemical Corp., USP 3,579,341, 18 May 1971. ( Uses pregelled inhibited starch to prepare pulpy textured food products. )
Volker, H. H., Gordian, 1969, 69, 260. (A review of special starches as thickeners in foodstuffs.)
Corn Products Co., Neth. Pat. 66/16,071,16 May 1967. (Thin boiling amylose-containing cereal starch, e.g. corn syrup, sugar and water cooked and cast into moulds for gumlike sweets.)
Sorochinskaya, E. N. and Babichenco, L. V., Isv. Vyssk. Ucheb. Zaved.,Pischck. Teknol., 1970, 1, 61. (The processing of popcorn is improved by using starch having high amylose content and high viscosity.)
Canuti, A., Tec. Molitoria, 1969,20 (22), 627. (Partial predigestion and dextrinisation of corn used for pasta goods gave improvements from alimentary and nutritional points of view.)
General Foods Corp., USP 3,515,591, 2 June 1970. ( Cold water dispersible powder by drum drying solubilised amylose and pregelled tuber starch; used as a base for pudding mix. )
Schoch, T. J., Fr. Demande, 2,005,573, 12 Dec. 1969. (Pudding starch by heating starch in hydrophilic organic solvent to 149°C, cooling and separating solvent.)
Benckiser-Knapsack GmbH, BP 1,180,716, 13 June 1968. (Phosphate-modified starch and Na polyphosphate stirred with cheese at 85°C for 7 min to give a smooth product.)
Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Jap. Pat. 70/16,066, 4 June 1970. (Slightly oxidised corn starch at 12% H2O content used in making rice biscuits.)
C.P.C. International Inc., S. Afr. Pat. 69/07,073,24 Apr. 1970. (Starch hydrolysate, enzymic, acidic or both, used with gelatine, egg albumen or soy protein to substitute up to 50% conventional whipping agents with increased foam stability and height increase.)
Gerber Products Co., USP 3,524,746, 18 Aug. 1970. ( Methylcarboxy or alkoxy starch used to improve cold stability of stored, thickened, precooked baby food. )
Myhre, D. V., Baker’s Digest, 1970, 44 (3), 32, 38, 60. (A review, function of carbo-hydrates in baking. Bread flavour and aroma arise from (a) fermentation and pre- fermentation and (b) the Maillard or browning reaction.)
Mark, A. M. and Mehltretter, C. L., USP 3,553,196, 5 Jan. 1971. ( High amylose starch acetate useful as water-soluble transparent films for food packaging. )
Hellendorn, E. W., Die Stärke, 1971, 23 (2), 63. (A review of retrogradation in some dehydrated starch-contg. precooked food products.)
Benckiser-Knapsack GmbH, Fr. Pat. 1,570,860,16 June 1969. (Satis, blends of Cheshire and Emmenthal cheese prepd. by use of phosphate starch as thickener.)
Welsby, B., S.Afr. Pat. 68/07,292, 3 June 1969. ( Dry milk-based dessert from pregelled starch, powdered fat composition, dehydrated milk, emulsifier and pyrophosphate. )
Russo, J. V. and Doe, C. A., J. Fd. Technol., 1970, 5 (4), 363. (Heat treatment of flour as an alternative to chlorination.)
National Starch and Chemical Corp., J. Agr. Fd. Chem., 1970,18 (6), 997. (A review of modified starches in the food industry.)
NV Stijfsel-en Glucosefabriek ‘Sans van Gent’, Neth. Pat. 67/05,352, 18 Oct. 1968; 68/01,430, 4 Aug. 1969. (Process for the preparation of a sterilised custard with good keeping qualities.)
Ciz, K., Rohlik, M. and Cejkova, V., Listy Cukrov., 1971, 87 (5), 109. (lt;2% starch delayed lump formation in powder sugar about 1 month. Sorption isotherms indicate H2O first adsorbed by starch.)
Krog, N., Die Stärke, 1971, 23 (6), 206. (Amylose complexing effect of 22 food grade emulsifiers. A relative ‘Complexing Index’ has been calculated.)
C.P.C. International Inc., USP 3,583,874, 8 June 1971. ( An instant pudding starch from defatted pregelled and non-gelled starch mixture. )
Osman, E., Food Theory Appl., 1972, 151–212. (Good review of starch and other polysaccharides in foodstuff and influence of other components.)
Zhizhin, V. I., et al, Kholod. Prom., 1969 (publ. 1970, Tekhnol. Sekts), 27. (Addition of CM starch in production of condensed milk beneficial. Best ice-cream obtained with 1% addition.)
Osman-Ismail, F. and Solms, J., Mitt. Geb. Lebensm. Hyg., 1972, 63 (1), 88. (Discusses formation of inclusion compounds of potato starch with aromatic substances, e.g. menthol, capric acid, 1 decanol and ß-pinene.)
National Starch amp; Chemical Corp., USP 3,699,095, 17 Oct. 1972. (An inhibited starch made from bis(ethylcarbonic) adipic anhydride. Product withstands cooking to 190°F but gelatinises at 240°F—retort temperature.)
Appolonia, B. L. D., Cereal Chem., 1972, 532. (Effect of bread ingredients, e.g. sugar, salt, skim milk, shortening, oxidising and reducing agents and sodium propionate on starch-gelatinisation properties, measured using amylograph.)
Jackson, E. B., Confectionery Prod., 1973, 39 (6), 319. (A review of the influence of starch and dextrose on the texture of marshmallows and other aerated confections.)
General Foods Corporation, Germ. Offen. 2,327,291,13 Dec. 1973. (Alcohol containing powders by using starch hydrolysate ‘Cantab’ sorbing about 30% alcohol.)
C.P.C. International Inc., USP 3,563,798, 16 Feb. 1971. (Products useful in food by drum-drying white milo starch, crosslinked waxy cornstarch acetate, sulphate or phosphate or crosslinked hydroxymethyl milo starch, from H2O and MeOH mixture.)
Olenev, Y. A. and Fil’chakova, N. N., Sakh. Prom., 1971, 45 (10), 66. (Gelled potato starch prepd. by combined acid, mech. and oxidative treatments, at 1%, improved quality of icecream.)
Sicaly, BP 1,349,254, 3 Apr. 1974. ( Instant-cooking foodstuff prepared by freeze-drying a hydrogenated fat dispersed in a starch paste. )
Babichenko, L. and Sorochinskaya, E., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Saved., Pishch. Tekhnol., 1972, (5), 63. (Changes in the microstructure and starch of popcorn kernels discussed.)
National Starch and Chemical Corp., Germ. Offen. 2,345,341, 21 Mar. 1974. ( Starch doubly crosslinked with cyanuric chloride to reduce swelling after cooking and used as thickener in foods. )
Szymanski, C., Tessler, M. and Bell, H., USP 3,804,828, 16 Apr. 1974. ( Describes production of epichlorohydrin-inhibited, stabilised retort starch which shows normal viscosity on cooking with water but which shows higher viscosity at can-retorting temperatures. )
Doutsova, L. and Zybtseva, G., Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Saved. Pishch. Tekhnol., 1974 (3), 37. (Addition of 0-5% of starch-stearic acid complex to wheat flour improved bread. Complexes from EtOH-defatted starch were most effective.)
Hahn, R. R., Baker’s Digest, 1969, 43 (4), 48 and 64. (Discusses behaviour and structure of starch and its modification and use in the baking industry.)
Pyne, A. W., USP 3,493,386, 3 Feb. 1970. ( A mixture of protein starch and alkali metal hydroxide solution extruded into acidic coagulating bath, recovered, dried and puffed. )
Schroeter, K. A., Die Stärke, 1970, 22 (11), 401. (German Ordinance, 13 Aug. 1968, lays down maximum residue SO 2 in starch and derived sweeteners—50 ppm. Dextrose —10 ppm. Sweeteners for food mentioned in Annex 2 may have higher content and over 50 ppm labelled ‘sulphured’ and content must be declared.)
van Lonkhuysen, H. and Blankestijn, J., ibid., 1974, 26 (10), 337. (Study of the interaction of monoglycerides with starches. The monoglyceride molecule probably penetrates the swollen starch granules to form insoluble complex with amylose.)
Swengers, D., Germ. Offen. 2,255,667, 30 May 1974. (Storage stable defatted starch preparation. Extracts with liquid propane at 80°C and 50 atmos, then swells in soln.)
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Radley, J.A. (1976). The Food Industry. In: Radley, J.A. (eds) Industrial Uses of Starch and its Derivatives. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1329-1_2
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