Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enteric infection and immunization

  • Chapter
Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

The principles of oral immunization were recognized more than 50 years ago, when Besredka1 described a state of immunity following oral vaccines unrelated to circulating antibody, leading him to conclude that ‘the plan in artificial vaccination, therefore, is to follow the route which the virus takes in its penetration into the body’. Detection of faecal antibody prior to its appearance in the circulation following human bacillary dysentery by Davies2 in 1922, and the correlation of resistance to experimental cholera infection of guinea pigs with coproantibody by Burrows3 in 1950, are representative of the early studies which supported Besredka’s postulates. Identification of IgA as a more specific marker of a ‘secretory immunoglobulin system’ by Tomasi et al.4 in 1965 stimulated a renewed interest in the local immune response and provided impetus to reopen the search for local vaccines to enhance mucosal resistance. The structure and function of secretory IgA has been extensively reviewed5−12 independently, and in the context of local immunity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Besredka, A. (1927). Local immunization, p. 181 (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Davies, A. (1922). Serological properties of dysentery stools. Lancet, ii, 1009

    Google Scholar 

  3. Burrows, W., Deupree, N. G. and Moore, D. E. (1950). The effect of X-irradiation on fecal and urinary antibody response. J. Infect. Dis., 87, 169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tomasi, T. B., Tan, E. M., Solomon, A. and Prendergast, R. A. (1965). Characteristics of an immune system common to certain external secretions. J. Exp. Med., 121, 101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tomasi, T. B. and Bienenstock, J. (1968), Secretory immunoglobulins. In Advances in Immunology, 9, 1. Dixon and Kunkel (eds.) (New York: Academic Press Inc.)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Heremans, J. F. (1968). Immunoglobulin formation and function in different tissues. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 45, 131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tomasi, T. B. and Grey, H. M. (1972). Structure and function of Immunoglobulin A. Progr. Allergy, 16, 81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. The secretory and immunologic system (1970). D. Dayton, P. A. Small, R. M. Chanock, H. E. Kaufman and T. B. Tomasi (eds.) (US Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brandtzaeg, P. (1973). Structure synthesis and external transfer of mucosal immunoglobulins. Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 124C, 417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shearman, D. J. C., Parkin, D. M. and McClelland, D. B. L. (1972). The demonstration and function of antibodies in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut, 13, 483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Heremans, J. F. and Vaerman, J-P. (1971). Biological significance of IgA antibodies in serum and secretions. In Progress in Immunology, B. Amos (ed.) p. 875 (New York: Academic Press)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bienenstock, J. (1976). The physiology of the local immune response and the gastrointestinal tract. (England: Churchill, Livingstone) In press

    Google Scholar 

  13. Masson, P. L., Heremans, J. F. and Schonne, H. (1969). Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein in neutrophilic leukocytes. J. Exp. Med., 130, 643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Crabbé, P. A., Bazin, H., Eyssen, H. and Heremans, J. F. (1968). The normal microbial’ flora as a major stimulus for proliferation of plasma cells synthesising IgA in the gut. Int. Arch. Allergy, 34, 362

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Robbins, J. B., Parke, J. C., Schneerson, R. and Whisnant, J. K. (1973). Quantitative measurement of ‘natural’ and immunization-induced Haemophilus influenza type b capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Pediatr. Res.,7, 103

    Google Scholar 

  16. Adinolfi, M., Glynn, A. A., Lindsay, M. and Milne, C. M. (1966). Serological properties of IgA antibodies to E. coli present in human colostrum. Immunology (Lond.), 10, 517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heremans, J. F. (1975). In The immune system and infectious diseases. (Basel: Karger) In press

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kraehenbuhl, J. P. and Campiche, M. A. (1969). Early stages of intestinal absorption of specific antibodies in the newborn. J. Cell. Biol, 42, 345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Warshaw, A. L., Walker, A., Cornell, R. and Isselbacher, K. J. (1971). Small intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Transmission of horseradish peroxidase into mesenteric lymph and portal blood. Lab. Invest., 25, 675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tourville, D. R., Adler, R. H., Bienenstock, J. and Tomasi, T. B. (1969). The human secretory immunoglobulin system. Immunohistological localization of A, secretory ‘piece.’ and lactoferrin in normal human tissues. J. Exp. Med., 129, 411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. KagnofT, M. F., Serfilippi, D. and Donaldson, R. M. (1973). In vitro kinetics of intestinal secretory IgA secretion. J. Immunol., 110, 297

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dolezel, J. and Bienenstock, J. (1971). Immune response of the hamster to oral and parenteral immunization. Cell. Immunol., 2, 326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bockman, D. E. and Cooper, M. D. (1973). Pinocytosis by epithelium associated with lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius, appendix and Peyer’s patches. An electron microscopic study. Am. J. Anat., 136, 455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rudzik, O., Clancy, R. L., Perey, D. Y. E., Bienenstock, J. and Singal, D. P. (1975). The distribution of a rabbit thymic antigen and membrane immunoglobulins in lymphoid tissue, with special reference to mucosal lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 114, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kagnoff, M. F. and Campbell, S. (1974). Functional characteristics of Peyer’s patch lymphoid cells. 1. Induction of humoral antibody and cell mediated allograft reactions. J. Exp. Med., 139, 398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Masson, P. and Regaud, C. (1918). Sur l’existence de nombreux microbes vivant à l’état normal dans le tissu des follicules lymphoides de l’intestin, chez le lapin. C. R. Soc. Biol., 81, 1256

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bienenstock, J. and Dolezel, J. (1971). Peyer’s patches: Lack of specific antibody-containing cells after oral and parenteral immunization. J. Immunol., 106, 938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Veldkamp, J., Van der Gaag, R. and Willers, J. M. N. (1973). The role of Peyer’s patch cells in antibody formation. Immunology, 25, 761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Waksman, B. H. (1973). The homing pattern of thymus-derived lymphocytes in calf and neonatal mouse Peyer’s patches. J. Immunol., 111, 878

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Howard, J. C., Hunt, S. V. and Gowans, J. L. (1972). Identification of marrow-derived and thymus-derived small lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissue and thoracic duct lymph of normal rats. J. Exp. Med., 135, 200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Guy-Grand, D., Griscelli, C. and Vassalli, P. (1974). The gut-associated lymphoid system: nature and properties of the large dividing cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 4, 435

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Moore, A. R. and Hall, J. G. (1972). Evidence for a primary association between immunoblasts and small gut. Nature (Lond,), 239, 161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Craig, S. W. and Cebra, J. J. (1971). Peyer’s patches an enriched source of precursors for IgA-producing immunocytes in the rabbit, J. Exp. Med., 134, 188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rudzik, O., Clancy, R. L., Perey, D. Y. E., Day, R. and Bienenstock, J. (1975). Repopulation with IgA containing cells of bronchial and intestinal lamina propria after transfer of homologous Peyer’s patches and bronchial lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 114, 1599

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Johnston, N. and Bienenstock, J. (1976). In preparation

    Google Scholar 

  36. Perey, D. Y. E. and Guttman, R. D. (1972). Peyer’s patch cells: Absence of graft-versus-host reactivity in mice and rats. Lab. Invest., 27, 427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Katz, D. H. and Perey, D. Y. E. (1973). Lymphocytes in Peyer’s patches: Analysis of the constituent cells in terms of their capacities to mediate functions of mature T and B lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 111, 1507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Walker, W. A., Isselbacher, K. J. and Bloch, K. J. (1973). Intestinal uptake of macromolecules. II. Effect of parenteral immunization. J. Immunol., 111, 221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Halstead, T. E. and Hall, J. G. (1972). The homing of lymph-borne immunoblasts to the small gut of neonatal rats. Transplantation, 14, 339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Montgomery, P. C., Rosner, B. R. and Cohn, J. (1974). The secretory antibody response. Anti-DNP antibodies induced by dinitrophenylated type III pneumococcus. Immunol. Comm., 3, 143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fichtelius, K. E. (1968). The gut epithelium—a first level lymphoid organ? Exp. Cell. Res., 49, 87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ferguson, A. and Parrott, D. M. V. (1972). The effect of antigen deprivation on thymus-dependent and thymus-independent lymphocytes in the small intestine of the mouse. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 12, 477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Back, O. (1970). Studies on the lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium of the chicken. IV. Effect of bursectomy. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 39, 342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Darlington, D. and Rogers, A. W. (1966). Epithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of the mouse. J. Anat., 100, 813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sprent, J. and Miller, J. F. A. P. (1972). Interaction of thymus lymphocytes with histoincompatible cells. II. Recirculating lymphocytes derived from antigen-activated thymus cells. Cell. Immunol., 3, 385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Collan, Y. (1972). Characteristics of non-epithelial cells in the epithelium of normal rat ileum. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 7 (Suppl. 18), 1

    Google Scholar 

  47. Day, R. P. and Bienenstock, J. (1976). In preparation

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bellamy, J. E. C. and Nielson, N. O. (1974). Immune mediated emigration of neutrophils into the lumen of the small intestine. Infect. Immun., 9, 615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Waldman, R. H. and Ganguly, R. (1974). Immunity to infections on secretory surfaces. J. Infect. Dis., 130, 419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nash, D. R. and Holle, B. (1973). Local and systemic cellular immune responses in guinea pigs given antigen parenterally or directly into the lower respiratory tract. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 13, 573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Alexander, H. L., Shirley, K. and Allen, D. (1936). The route of ingested egg white to the systemic circulation. J. Clin. Invest., 15, 163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Thomas, H. C. and Vaez-Zadeh, F. (1974). A homeostatic mechanism for the removal of antigen from the portal circulation. Immunology, 26, 375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Silverman, A. S. and Pomeranz, J. R. (1972). Studies on the localisation of hapten in guinea pigs fed picryl chloride. Int. Arch. Allergy, 42, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hunter, R. L. (1972). Antigen trapping in the lamina propria and production of IgA antibody. J. Reticuloendo, Soc, 11, 245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Farr, R. S., Dickinson, W. and Smith, K. (1960). Quantitative aspects of oral immunisation against bovine serum albumin. Fed. Proc, 19, 199

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rothberg, R. M., Kraft, S. C., Farr, R. S., Kriebel, G. W. and Goldberg, S. S. (1971). Local immunologic responses to ingested protein. In The secretory immunologic system. D. H. Dayton, P. A. Small, R. M. Chanock, H. E. Kaufman and T. B. Tomasi (eds.) p. 293 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rothberg, R. M., Kraft, S. C. and Michalek, S. M. (1973). Systemic immunity after local antigenic stimulation of the lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Immunol., 111, 1906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dolezel, J. and Bienenstock, J. (1971). γ A and non γA immune response after oral and parenteral immunization of the hamster. Cell. Immunol., 2, 458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Clancy, R. L. and Bienenstock, J. (1975). Unpublished observations

    Google Scholar 

  60. Crabbé, P. A., Nash, D. R., Bazin, H., Eyssen, H. and Heremans, J. F. (1969). Antibodies of the IgA type in intestinal plasma cells of germ-free mice after oral or parenteral immunization with ferritin. J. Exp. Med., 130. 723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Strannegard, O. (1967). The formation of toxoplasma antibodies in rabbits. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., 71, 439

    Google Scholar 

  62. Rothberg, R. M. and Farr, R. S. (1965). Anti-bovine serum albumin and anti-alpha lactalbumin in the serum of children and adults. Pediatrics, 35, 571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Korenblat, P. E., Rothberg, R. M., Minden, P. and Farr, R. S. (1968). Immune responses of human adults after oral and parenteral exposure to bovine serum albumin. J. Allergy, 41, 226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Strauss, H. and Bienenstock, J. (1975). Unpublished observations

    Google Scholar 

  65. Battisto, J. R. and Miller, J. (1962). Immunological unresponsiveness produced in adult guinea pigs by parenteral introduction of minute quantities of hapten or protein antigen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 111, 111

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cantor, H. M. and Dumont, A. E. (1967). Hepatic suppression of sensitization to antigen absorbed into the portal system. Nature (Lond.), 215, 744

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Triger, D. R., Cynamon, M. H. and Wright, R. (1973). Studies on heptic uptake of antigen. I. Comparison of inferior vena cava and portal vein routes of immunization. Immunology, 25, 941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. André, C., Bazin, H. and Heremans, J. F. (1973). Influence of repeated administration of antigen by the oral route on specific antibody-producing cells in the mouse spleen. Digestion, 9, 166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Haelterman, E. O. and Hooper, B. E. (1967). Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine as a model for the study of enteric disease. Gastroenterology, 53, 109

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ogra, P. L. (1971). The secretory immunoglobulin system of the gastrointestinal tract. In The Secretory Immunologic System. P. A. Small, D. H. Dayton, R. M. Channock, H. E. Kaufman and T. B. Tomasi (eds.) p. 259 (US Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ogra, P. L. and Karzon, D. T. (1969). Distribution of polio virus antibody in serum, nasopharynx, and alimentary tract following segmental immunisation of lower alimentary tract with polio vaccine. J. Immunol, 102, 1423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Saif, L. J., Bohl, E. H. and Gupta, R. K. (1972). Isolation of porcine immunoglobulins and determination of the immunoglobulin classes of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antibodies. Infect. Immunity, 6, 600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bohl, E. H., Gupta, R. K., Olquin, M. V. and Saif, L. J. (1972). Antibody responses in serum, colostrum, and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Infect. Immunity, 6, 289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Katz, M. and Plotkin, S. A. (1968). Oral polio immunisation of the newborn infant; a possible method for overcoming the interference by ingested antibodies. J. Pediat., 73, 267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Brown, E. H. and Bailey, E. H. (1957). Infantile gastroenteritis; Changing needs in treatment. Lancet, ii, 1218

    Google Scholar 

  76. Beer, A. E., Billingham, R. E. and Head, J. (1974). The immunologic significance of the mammary gland. J. Invest. Derm., 63, 65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ogra, P. L., Karzon, D. T., Righthand, F. and MacGillivray, M. (1968). Immunoglobulin response in serum and secretions after immunisation with live and inactivated poliovaccine and natural infection. New Eng. J. Med., 279, 893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ogra, P. L. and Karzon, D. T. (1969). Polio virus antibody response in serum and nasal secretions following intranasal inoculation with inactivated poliovaccine. J. Immunol., 102, 15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ogra, P. L. (1971). Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal antibody response to polio virus. New Eng. J. Med., 284, 59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ogra, P. L. and MacGillivray, M. H. (1972). Serum and secretory antibody response to viral infections in immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes. Ped. Res., 6, 379

    Google Scholar 

  81. Ogra, P. L., Wallace, R. B., Umana, G., Ogra, S. S., Kerr Grant, D. and Morag, A. (1974). Implications of secretory immune system in viral infections. In The immunoglobulin A system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 45’ 271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ogra, P. L. (1973). Immunologic aspects of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in human body fluids. J. Immunol., 110, 1197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. De, S. N. and Chatterje, D. N. (1953). An experimental study of the mechanism of action of Vibrio cholerae on the intestinal mucous membrane. J. Path. Bad., 66, 559

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sack, R. B. and Carpenter, C. C. J. (1969). Experimental canine cholera. II. Production by cell-free culture filtrates of Vibrio cholerae. J. Infect. Dis., 119, 150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Elliott, H. L., Carpenter, C. C. J., Sack, R. B. and Yardley, J. H. (1970). Small bowel morphology in experimental canine cholera. A light and electron microscopic study. J. Lab. Invest., 22, 112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Oral Enteric Bacterial Vaccines. (1972). Wld. Hlth. Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 500, 19

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fréter, R., De, S. P., Mondai, A., Shrivastava, D. L. and Sunderman, F. W. (1965). Coproantibody and serum antibody in cholera patients. J. Infect. Dis., 115, 83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fubara, E. S. and Fréter, R. (1972). Availability of locally synthesized and systemic antibodies in the intestine. Infect. Immunity, 6, 965

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kaur, J., McGhee, J. R. and Burrows, W. (1972). Immunity to cholera: the occurrence and nature of antibody-activity immunoglobulins in the lower ileum of the rabbit. J. Immunol., 108, 387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Carpenter, C. C. and Pierce, N. F. (1969). Possible role of secretory antibodies in cholera; in Kaufman secretory immunologic system. In Vero Beach Proc. p. 281 (Washington: US Govern. Print. Office) 1971

    Google Scholar 

  91. Mosley, W. H. (1969). The role of immunity in cholera. A review of epidemiological and serological studies. Texas Rep. Biol. Med., 27, 227

    Google Scholar 

  92. Curlin, G. T. and Carpenter, C. C. J. (1970). Antitoxic immunity to cholera in isolated perfused canine ileal segments. J. Infect. Dis., 1215, 132

    Google Scholar 

  93. Neoh, S. H. and Rowley, D. (1972). Quoted in: Oral Enteric Bacterial Vaccines. Wld. Hlth. Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No. 500, 19

    Google Scholar 

  94. Fréter, R. (1969). Studies of the mechanism of action of intestinal antibody in experimental cholera. Texas Rep. Biol. Med., 27, 299

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tomasi, T. B. (1969). Quoted in: The concept of local immunity and the secretory system. In The secretory immunologic system. (US Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Mel, D. M., Papo, R. G., Terzin, A. L. and Vuksic, L. (1965). Studies on vaccination against bacillary dysentery. 2. Safety tests and reactogen-icity studies on a live dysentery vaccine intended for use in field trials. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 32, 637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Formal, S. B., LaBrec, E. H., Kent, T. H. and Falkow, S. (1965)-Abortive intestinal infection with an Escherichia coli-Shigella flexneri hybrid strain. J. Bad., 89, 1374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Schneider, H. and Formai, S. B. (1963). Spontaneous loss of guinea pig virulence in a strain of Shigella flexneri 2a. Bad. Proc, 63, 66

    Google Scholar 

  99. Besredka, A. (1927). Local immunization. (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Mel, D. M., Arsic, B. L., Nikolic, B. D. and Radovanic, M. L. (1968). Studies on vaccination against baccillary dysentery. 4. Oral immunization with live monotypic and combined vaccines. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 39, 375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mel, D. M., Gangarosa, E. J., Arsic, B. L., Radovanic, M. L. and Litvin-jenko, S. (1971). Effectiveness of oral live attenuated Shigella vaccines. In Proc. of the Symposium on Bacterial Vaccines (Zagreb)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Blanden, R. V., Mackaness, G. B. and Collins, F. M. (1966). Mechanisms of acquired resistance in mouse typhoid. J. Exp. Med., 124, 585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Stuart, A. E. and Collée, J. G. (1967). Selective lymphoid deletion and generalised lymphoid depletion in mouse typhoid. J. Path. Bact., 94, 429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Carter, P. B. and Collins, F. M. (1974). The route of enteric infection in normal mice. J. Exp. Med., 139, 1189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Schlewinski, E. W. Graben, N., Funk, J. et al. (1971). Orale Immunisierung mit Nichtvermehrungsfahigen Mikroorganismen oder ihren Antigenen. 13. Persorption und Sekretion von Microorganismen im Tierversuch. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., 218, 93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Sprinz, H. E., Gangarosa, E., Williams, M., Hornick, R. B. and Woodward, T. E. (1966). Histopathology of the upper small intestines in typhoid fever. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 11, 615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ozawa, A., Goto, J., Ito, T. and Shibata, H. (1973). Histopathological and biochemical responses of germ free and conventional mice with Salmonella infection. In Germ free research, Biological Effect of Gnoto-biotic Environments. J. B. Heneghan (ed.), (New York: Academic Press Inc.)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Collins, F. M. (1970). Immunity to enteric infection in mice. Infect. Immunol., 1, 243

    Google Scholar 

  109. Ruitenberg, E. J., Guinée, P. A. M., Kruyt, B. C. and Berkvens, J. M. (1971). Salmonella pathogenesis in germ free mice. Br. J. Exp. Pathol.,52, 192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Fahey, K. J. and Cooper, G. N. (1970). Oral immunisation in experimental salmonellosis. Infect. Immunity, 2, 183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Waldman, R. H., Grü nspan, R. and Ganguly, R. (1972). Oral immunisation of mice with killed S. typhimurium vaccine. Infect. Immunity, 6, 58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hornick, R. B., Greisman, S. E., Woodward, T. E., Dupont, T. E., Dawkins, A. T. and Snyder, M. J. (1970). Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunological control. New Eng. J. Med., 283, 686 and 739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Watson, K. C. (1957). The relapse state in typhoid fever treated with chloramphenicol. Amer. J. Trop. Med., 6, 72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Luderitz, 0. (1972). Quoted in: Oral Enteric Bacterial Vaccines. Wld. Hlth. Org. techn. Rep. Ser., No.500, 24

    Google Scholar 

  115. Venneman, M. R. and Bigley, N. J. (1969). Isolation and partial characterization of an immunogenic moiety obtained from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bad., 100, 140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Fréter, R. (1972). Parameters affecting the association of vibrios with the intestinal surface in experimental cholera. Infect. Immunol., 6, 134

    Google Scholar 

  117. Freter, R. (1970). Mechanisms of action of intestinal antibody in experimental cholera. II. Antibody-mediated antibacterial reaction at the mucosal surface. Infect. Immunol., 2, 556

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gibbons, R. J. (1974). Bacterial adherance to mucosal surfaces and its inhibition by secretory antibodies. In The immunoglobulin A system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 45, 315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Fréter, R. (1974). In The immunoglobulin A system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, 45, 349

    Google Scholar 

  120. Springer, G. F. and Horton, R. E. (1969). Blood group isoantibody stimulation in man by feeding blood group-active bacteria. J. Clin. Invest., 48, 1280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Robbins, J. (1975). In The immune system and infectious diseases. (Basel: Karger) In press

    Google Scholar 

  122. Williams, R. C. and Gibbons, R. J. (1972). Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: a mechanism of antigen disposal. Science, 177, 697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Brandtzaeg, P., Fjellanger, J. and Gjeruldsen, S. T. (1968). Adsorption of immunoglobulin A onto oral bacteria in vivo. J. Bacteriol, 96, 242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Sack, R. B. and Miller, C. E. (1969). Progressive changes of vibrio serotypes in germfree mice infected with Vibrio cholerae. J. Bacteriol, 99, 688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Miller, C. E., Wong, K. H., Feeley, J. L. and Forlines, M. E. (1972). Immunological conversion of Vibrio cholerae in gnotobiotic mice. Infect. Immunol, 6, 739

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Cooke, E. M., Ewins, S. and Shooter, R. A. (1969). Changing faecal population of Escherichia coli in hospital medical patients. Br. Med. J., 4, 593

    Google Scholar 

  127. Scherp, H. W. (1971). Dental caries: prospects for prevention, combined utilization of available and imminent measures should largely prevent this ubiquitous disease. Science, 173, 1199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. McCabe, M. M. and Smith, E. E. (1973). Origin of the cell-associated dextransucrase of Streptococcus mutans. Infect. Immunol, 7, 829

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Genco, R. J., Evans, R. T. and Taubman, M. A. (1974). Specificity of antibodies to S. mutans; significance in inhibition of adherence. The immunoglobulin A system: In Adv. Exp. Med. and Biol, 45, 327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ogilvie, B. M. and Love, R. J. (1974). Co-operation between antibodies and cells in immunity to a nematode parasite. Transpl Rev., 19, 147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Dineen, J. K., Ogilvie, B. M. and Kelly, J. D. (1973). Expulsion of Nippostrongylus braziliensis from the intestine of rats: Collaboration between humoral and cellular components of the immune response. Immunology, 24, 467

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ogilvie, B. M. (1967). Reagin-like antibodies in rats infected with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus braziliensis. Immunology, 12, 113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Orr, T. S. C. and Blair, A. M. J. N. (1969). Potentiated reagin response to egg albumin and conalbumin in Nippostrongylus braziliensis infected rats. Life Sci., 8, 1073

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert L. Clancy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John Bienenstock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastrointestinal Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh and University of Edinburg, UK

    Anne Ferguson Ph.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

  2. Department of Pathology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow and University of Glasgow, UK

    Roderick N. M. MacSween M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C. Path.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 MTP Press Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clancy, R.L., Bienenstock, J. (1976). Enteric infection and immunization. In: Ferguson, A., MacSween, R.N.M. (eds) Immunological Aspects of the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6150-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6152-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6150-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation