Skip to main content

Child abuse and neglect — medical aspects

  • Chapter
The Maltreatment of Children

Abstract

The medical aspects of child abuse cover a wide range of disorders from inflicted injuries, through neglect, failure to thrive and severe psychological disorders. The doctor’s role includes diagnosis, treatment, prediction and prevention, side by side with colleagues in other disciplines, and may involve the doctor in Court proceedings for child protection or occasionally in criminal proceedings against the parents.1-

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Renvoize, J. (1978). Web of Violence. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Oliver, J. E. and Taylor, A. (1971). Five generations of ill-treated in one family pedigree. Br. J. Psychiat., 119, 473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Oliver, J. E. and Cox, J. (1973). A family kindred with ill-used children: The ‘burden on the community’. Br. J. Psychiat., 123, 81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith, S. M. (1975). The Battered Child Syndrome. (London: Butterworth)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper, C. E. (1970). Battered babies. J. Med. Wom. Fed., 52, 93

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ackley, D. E. (1977). A brief overview of child abuse. Social Casework, 58

    Google Scholar 

  7. Anthony, E. J. and Benedek, T. (1970). Parenthood—Its Psychology and Psychopathology. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mahler, M. S., Pine, F. and Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. (London: Hutchinson)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rapoport, R., Rapoport, R. N. and Strelitz, Z. (1977). Fathers, Mothers and Others. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Elliot, K. (1970). The Family and its Future. (London: J. & A. Churchill)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Vaughan, V. C. and Brazelton, T. B. (1976). The Family—Can It Be Saved?. (Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Department of Health and Social Security (1974). The Family in Society. Dimensions of Parenthood. (London: HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pringle, M. Kellmer (1975). The Needs of Children. (London: Hutchinson)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Steinmetz, S. K. and Straus, M. A. (1974). Violence in the Family. (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Flynn, J. P. (1977). Recent findings related to wife abuse. Social Casework, 58, 13

    Google Scholar 

  16. Elbow, M. (1977). Theoretical considerations of violent marriages. Social Casework, 58, 515

    Google Scholar 

  17. Anthony, E. J. (1974). Children at risk from Divorce: a review. In: The Child in His Family. Vol. 3: Children at Psychiatric Risk. (E. J. Anthony and C. Koupernik; eds.), p. 461. (London and New York: John Wiley & Sons)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wallerstein, J. and Kelly, J. (1974). The effects of parental divorce: the adolescent experience. In: The Child in His Family. Vol. 3: Children at Psychiatric Risk. (E. J. Anthony and C. Koupernik; eds.). (London and New York: John Wiley & Sons)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wallerstein, J. and Kelly, J. (1975). The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the preschool child. J. Am. Acad. Child. Psychiat., 14, 4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kelly, J. and Wallenstein, J. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the child in early latency. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 46, (1), 20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wallenstein, J. and Kelly, J. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the child in later latency. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 46, (2), 256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lynch, M. A. and Roberts, J. (1977). Predicting child abuse: signs of bonding failure in the maternity hospital. Br. Med. J., 1, 624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wolkind, S. N., Kruk, S. and Chaves, L. P. (1976). Childhood separation experiences and psycho-social states in primiparous women: preliminary findings. Br. J. Psychiat., 128, 391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wolkind, S. N. (1977). Women who have been in care — psychological and social status during pregnancy. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 18, 179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Oppell, W. C. and Royston, A. B. (1971). Teenage births: some social, psychological and physical sequelae. Am. J. Public Health, 61, 751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Osofsky, H. J. and Osofsky, J. D. (1972). The low income adolescent factors related to overall prognosis and infant development. In: Psychosomatic Medicine of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress, London (1971). (Basel: S. Karger)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ayond, C.C. and Pfeifer, D. R. (1977). An approach to the prophylaxis of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1, 71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Reynolds, C. (1978). Can good parenting be taught? In: Child Abuse: Prediction, Prevention and Follow-up. (A. White Franklin; ed.), p. 80. (London: Churchill-Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Baldwin, D. (1975). Understanding Your Baby: A Course in Child Development 0–3 Years. (London: Ebury Press)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Frommer, E. A. and O’Shea, G. (1973). Antenatal identification of women liable to have problems in managing their infants. Br. J. Psychiat., 123, 149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Frommer, E. A. and O’Shea, G. (1973). The importance of childhood experience in relation to problems of marriage and family building. Br. J. Psychiat., 123, 157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gray, J. D., Cutler, C. A., Dean, J. G. and Kempe, C. H. (1977). Prediction and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1, 45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kempe, C. H. (1976). Approaches to preventing child abuse. Am. J. Dis. Child., 130, 941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Klaus, M. H. and Kennell, J. H. (1976). Maternal Infant Bonding, p. 3. (St Louis: C. V. Mosby & Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lynch, M. A. (1975). Ill health and child abuse. Lancet, ii, 317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lynch, M. A. and Roberts, J. (1977). Predicting child abuse: signs of bonding failure in the maternity hospital. Br. Med. J., 1, 624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment, p. 145. (New York: International Universities Press)

    Google Scholar 

  38. L. A. (1975). Tranquillisers causing aggression. Br. Med. J., 1, 113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lynch, M. A., Lindsay, J. and Ounsted, C. (1975). Tranquillisers causing aggression. Br. Med. J., 1, 166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cookson, I. B. (1975). Tranquillisers causing aggression. Br. Med. J., 1, 266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B. and Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity in mother-infant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on its Caregiver. (M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum; eds.). (London and New York: John Wiley & Sons)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M. and Stayton, D.J. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social development: socialisation as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In: The Integration of a Child into a Social World. (M. P. M. Richards; ed.). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Klaus, M. H., Kenneil, J. H., Plumb, N. and Zuehike, S. (1970). Human maternal behaviour at the first contact with her young. Paediatrics, 46, 187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Klaus, M. H., Jerauld, R., Kreger, N. C, McAlpine, W., Steffa, M. and Kennell, J. H. (1972). Maternal attachment: importance of the first post-partum days. N. Engl. J. Med., 286, 460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kennell, J. H., Jerauld, R., Wolfe, H., Chesler, D., Kreger, N. C, McAlpine, W., Steffa, M. and Klaus M. H. (1974). Maternal behaviour one year after early and extended post-partum contact. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 16, 172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ringler, N. M., Kennel, J. H., Jarvella, R., Navojosky, B. J. and Klaus, M. H. (1975). Mother to child speech at 2 years: effects of early post-natal contact. J. Pediatr., 86, 141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hales, D. J., Lazoff, B., Sosa, R. and Kennel, J. H. (1977). Defining the limits of the maternal sensitive period. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 19, 454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. de Chateau, P. and Wiberg, B. (1977). Long-term effects on mother—infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post-partum. 1. First observations at 36 hours. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 66, 137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. de Chateau, P. and Wiberg, B. (1977). Long-term effects on mother—infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post-partum. 2. A follow-up at three months. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 66, 145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. de Chateau, P. and Wiberg, B. (1978). Long-term effects on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post-partum. 3. A follow-up one year later. In: Psychosomatic Medicine of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress, Rome (1977). (Basel: S. Karger)

    Google Scholar 

  51. de Chateau, P. (1977). The importance of the neonatal period for the development of synchrony in the mother-infant dyad — a review. Birth and Family J., 4, 1, 10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Greenberg, M. and Morris, N. (1974). Engrossment: the newborn’s impact upon the father. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 44, 520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lynn, D. B. (1974). The Father: His Role in Child Development. (Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Doering, S. G. and Entwistle, D. R. (1975). Preparation during pregnancy and ability to cope with labor and delivery. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 45, 825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kitzinger,S. (1971). Giving Birth: The Parents’ Emotions in Childbirth. (London: Gollancz)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chard, T. and Richards, M. P. M. (1978). The Benefits and Hazards of the New Obstetrics. Clinics in Developmental Medicine. (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Winberg, J. (1977). Personal communication

    Google Scholar 

  58. Richards, M. P. M. and Roberton, N. R. C. (1978). Admission policies for special care nurseries. In: Early Separation and the Special Care Nursery. (F. S. W. Brimblecombe, M. P. M. Richards and N. R. C. Roberton; eds.). Clinics in Developmental Medicine. (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Klaus, M. H. and Kennel, J. H. (1976). Maternal-Infant Bonding. Chapter 4. (St Louis: C. V. Mosby & Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Stone, L. J., Smith, M. T. and Murphy, L. B. (1974). The Competent Infant. (London: Tavistock Publications)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bower, T. (1977). The Perceptual World of the Child. (London: Fontana Open Books Publishing Co. Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  62. MacFarlane, A. (1977). The Psychology of Childbirth. (London: Fontana Open Books Publishing Co. Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kennel, J. H., Fiauze, M. A. and Klaus, M. H. (1975). Evidencefor a Sensitive Period in the Human Mother. In: Parent—Infant Interaction. (R. Porter and M. O’Connor; eds.), p. 59. (Amsterdam: Excerpta Medicine)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gunther, M. (1973). Infant Feeding, p. 59. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex; Penguin Books Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gunther, M. (1976). The new mother’s view of herself. In: Breast Feeding and the Mother. CIBA Symposium 45. (K. Elliott and D. W. Fitzsimmons; eds.), p. 150. (Amsterdam: Elsevier-Excerpta Medica)

    Google Scholar 

  66. de Chateau, P., Holmberg, H, Jakobsson, K. and Winberg, J. (1977). A study of the factors promoting and inhibiting lactation. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 19, 575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Stanway, P. and Stanway, A. (1978). Breast is Best. Chapter 7. (London: Pan Books Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Stern, D. (1977). The First Relationship: Infant and Mother. (London: Fontana Open Books Publishing Co. Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Rutter, M. (1975). Helping Troubled Children. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rutter, M. and Madge, N. (1976). Cycles of Disadvantage: A Review of Research. (London: Heinemann)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Birch, H. G. and Gussow, J. D. (1970). Disadvantaged Children: Health, Nutrition and Social Failure. (New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wedge, P. and Prosser, H. (1973). Born to Fail. (London: Arrow Books)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Cooper, C. E. (1975). The doctor’s dilemma — a paediatrician’s view. In: Concerning Child Abuse. (A. White Franklin; ed.). (London: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ounsted, C. and Lynch, M. A. (1976). Family pathology seen in England. In: Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community. (R. E. Helfer and C. H. Kempe; eds.). (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Martin, H. P. and Kempe, C. H. (1976). The Abused Child. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Morris, M. G. and Gould, R. W. (1963). Role reversal: a necessary concept in dealing with the battered child syndrome. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 33, 298

    Google Scholar 

  77. Baher, E., Hyman, C, Jones, C, Jones, R., Kerr, A. and Mitchell, R. (1976). At Risk: An Account of the Work of the Battered Child Research Department. (London: NSPCC-Routledge & Kegan Paul)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Elmer, E. (1977). A follow-up study of traumatized children. Pediatrics, 59, 273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Malone, C. A. (1966). Safety first: comments on the influence of external danger in the lives of children of disorganised families. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 36, 6

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hall, M. H. (1974). The diagnosis and early management of non-accidental injuries in children. The Police Surgeon, No. 6 (October 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hull, D. (1974). Medical diagnosis. In: The Maltreated Child. (J. Carter; ed.). (London: The Priory Press)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Furness, J. (1974). Bite-marks in non-accidental injuries of children. The Police Surgeon, No. 6 (October 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Caffey, J. (1946). Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from sub-dural hematoma. Am. J. Roentgenol., 56, 163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Caffey, J. (1972). On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Am. J. Dis. Child., 124, 161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Caffey, J. (1974). The whiplash shaken infant syndrome. Paediatrics, 54, 396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Guthkelch, A. N. (1971). Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. Br. Med. J., 2, 430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mushin, A. S. (1975). The ego of the battered child. In: Atlas of the Battered Child Syndrome. (J. M. Cameron and L. J. Rae; eds.). (London: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Harcourt, R. B. and Hopkins, D. (1973). Ophthalmic aspects of the battered child syndrome. In: Neuro-ophthalmology, No. 7. (J. L. Smith; ed.). (St Louis: C. V. Mosby & Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Taylor, D. and Bentovim, A. (1974). Recurrent non-accidentally inflicted chemical eye injuries to siblings. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol, 13, 238

    Google Scholar 

  90. Touloukian, R. J. (1968). Abdominal visceral injuries in battered children. Paediatrics, 42, 642

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gornall, P., Ahmed, A., Jolleys, A. and Cohen, S. J. (1972). Intra-abdominal injuries in the battered baby syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child., 47, 211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Swischuk, L. E. (1969). Spine and spinal cord trauma in the battered child syndrome. Radiology, 92, 733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jackson, R. H., Walker, J. H. and Wynne, N. A. (1968). Circumstances of accidental poisoning in childhood. Br. Med. J., 4, 245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Craft, A. W. and Sibert, J. R. (1977). Accidental poisoning in children. Br. J. Hosp. Med., 696

    Google Scholar 

  95. Margolis, J. A. (1971). Psychosocial study of childhood poisoning: a 5-year follow-up. Paediatrics, 74, 439

    Google Scholar 

  96. Rogers, D., Fupp, T., Bentovim, A., Robinson, A., Berry, D. and Goulding, R. (1976). Non-accidental poisoning: an extended syndrome of child abuse. Br. Med. J., 1, 793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Pearn, J. and Nixon, J. (1977). Attempted drowning as a form of non-accidental injury. Aust. Paediatr. J., 13, 110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Emery, J. L. (1976). Unexpected death in infancy: early recognition of the ‘at risk’ situation. In: Recent Advances in Paediatrics. (D. Hull; ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hick, J. F. (1973). Sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse. Paediatrics, 52, 147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. MacCarthy, D. (1974). Effects of emotional disturbance and deprivation (maternal rejection) on somatic growth. In: Scientific Foundations of Paediatrics. (J. A. Davis and J. Dobbing; eds.). (London: Heinemann)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Blager, F. and Martin, H. P. (1976). Speech and language of abused children. In: The Abused Child. (H. P. Martin and C. H. Kempe; eds.), p. 83. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lacey, K. A. and Parkin, J. M. (1974). The normal short child. Arch. Dis. Child., 49, 417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Whitten, C. F., Pettit, M. G. and Fischoff, J. (1969). Evidence that growth failure from maternal deprivation is secondary to undereating. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 209, 1675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Silver, H. K. and Finkelstein, M. (1967). Deprivation dwarfism. J. Pediatr., 70, 317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fischoff, J., Whitten, C. F. and Pettit, M. G. (1971). A psychiatric study of mothers and infants with growth failure secondary to maternal deprivation. J. Pediatr., 79, 209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Burton, L. (1968). Sexual assault in childhood. In: Vulnerable Children. (L. Burton; ed.). (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Farn, K. T. (1975). Sexual and other assaults on children. The Police Surgeon, No. 8, 37. (October 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Schechter, M. D. and Roberge, L. (1976). Sexual exploitation. In: Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community. (R. E. Helfer and C. H. Kempe; eds.), p. 127. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Giarretto, H. (1976). Humanistic treatment of father-daughter incest. In: Child Abuse and Neglect: The Family and the Community. (R. E. Helfer and C. H. Kempe; eds.), p. 143. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Rowe, J. and Lambert, L. (1973). Children Who Wait. (London: The Association of British Adoption and Fostering Agencies)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Page, R. and Clark, G. A. (1977). Who Cares? Young People in Care Speak Out. (London: The National Children’s Bureau)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Andreu, N. (1977). Child of a System. (London: Quartet Books)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Winick, M. and Rosso, P. (1969). Head circumference and cellular growth of the brain in normal and marasmic children. J. Pediatr., 74, 667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. De Levie, M. and Nogrady, M. B. (1970). Rapid brain growth upon restoration of adequate nutrition causing false radiologic evidence of increased intracranial pressure. J. Pediatr., 76, 523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Winick, M. (1969). Malnutrition and brain development. J. Pediatr., 74, 667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pearl, M., Finkelstein, J. and Berman, M. R. (1972). Temporary widening of cranial sutures during recovery from failure to thrive. Clin. Pediatr., 11, 427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Godber, G. (1975). Report of the Review Body appointed to enquire into the case of Steven Meurs. (Norwich: Norfolk County Council)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kadushin, A. (1970). Adopting Older Children. (New York: Columbia University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Tizard, B. (1977). Adoption: A Second Chance. (London: Fontana Open Books Publishing Co. Ltd.)

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lynch, M. (1976). Child abuse: the critical path. J. Maternal Child Health. p. 25. (July 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Cooper, C. E. (1978). Preparing the paediatrician’s evidence in care proceedings. In: Child Abuse: Prediction, Prevention and Follow-up. (A. White Franklin; ed.). (London: Churchill Livingstone)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Godfrey, G. (1975). A Report by Justice: Parental Rights and Duties and Custody Suits. (London: Stevens & Sons)

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hoggett, B. (1977). Parents and Children. (London: Sweet & Maxwell)

    Google Scholar 

  124. Goldstein, J., Freud, A. and Solnit, A. J. (1973) Beyond the Best Interests of the Child. (London: Collier Macmillan)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Selwyn M. Smith

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cooper, C.E. (1978). Child abuse and neglect — medical aspects. In: Smith, S.M. (eds) The Maltreatment of Children. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6162-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6162-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-6164-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6162-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics