Abstract
The late Quaternary African hominin fossil record provides a tantalizing glimpse into considerable temporal and geographic morphological diversity within the genus Homo. A total of 50 sites that can be constrained from MIS 6-2 have yielded specimens ranging from isolated teeth to nearly complete skeletons. However, only a dozen or so provide particularly informative or interesting evidence spanning this period of nearly 200 kyr. In addition to the rather paltry nature of the record, one of the seemingly more intractable problems that bedevil its interpretation is the nature of the chronometric record for many of the sites. The Late Pleistocene terrestrial climatic record for Africa is also rather patchy, making continent-wide generalizations difficult. Attempts to link large-scale environmental perturbations in Africa to patterns of human evolution and behavior are even more problematic. Although the African fossil (and archaeological) record is most often viewed from the perspective of a single lineage culminating in the appearance of Homo sapiens and thence modern humans, the degree of morphological diversity evident even in this meager assemblage can be rather striking. Some of this diversity may be related to geographic and/or temporal differences, but in other instances, there are noticeable differences among remains that are contemporaneous, or at least penecontemporaneous. The Late Pleistocene African hominin fossil record, despite its manifestly incomplete nature, finds consistency with an impressive array of genetic evidence that points to an African origin for our species, and it also has consilience with genetic data that indicate a coalescence of lineages to the common ancestor of Homo sapiens at around the beginning of MIS 6. Although multiple lines of genetic evidence indicate a deep separation of lineages, with the ancestors of the southern African Khoesan diverging early on from that which gave rise to all other groups, there is a notable paucity of human remains that predate MIS 2 that exhibit strong phenetic resemblance to recent African populations. A number of the human dental samples from Late Pleistocene South African sites possess morphological variants that characterize the teeth of the recent inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa, but these similarities do not necessarily signify a close evolutionary relationship with any of these populations because they appear to be plesiomorphic.
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Notes
- 1.
Since the mid-1980s, the lower boundary of the Pleistocene Epoch (i.e., the beginning of the Quaternary Period) has been regarded as corresponding with the base of the Calabrian stratotype at 1.81 Ma. Recently, however, the International Union of Geological Sciences has recognized the base of the Gelasian stratotype, which corresponds to the Matuyama (C2r) chronozone, or the Gauss-Matuyama boundary, as defining the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary at 2.588 Ma (Gibbard and Head 2009). This change is significant for discussions of hominin paleontology. Pending the outcome of appeals to this ruling, I continue to regard the base of the Pleistocene at 1.81 Ma.
- 2.
- 3.
The best-represented element from the lower part of the SAS member is the mandibular corpus (n = 4). Of these four, the KRM 41815 jaw derives from the deposits in cave 1B (Layer 10 of Singer and Wymer 1982), while the others are from separate horizons in cave 1 (KRM 16424 from Layer 14+, KRM 13400 from Layer 14, and KRM 21776 from Layer 17 of Singer and Wymer 1982).
- 4.
There are some theoretical expectations and empirical observations to the effect that admixture may result in the expression of increased morphological anomalies, or of morphologies that may be intermediate in nature but with heightened levels or unusual modes of variation (Ackermann 2010). Still, we have very little expectation of how to recognize a hybrid individual (or sample) in the paleontological record. A number of specimens from sites in Europe that date to MIS 3 have been posited to represent hybrids, with most being viewed as evincing an overall modern aspect with some Neandertal features. These include the remains from Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal (Duarte et al. 1999; Bayle et al. 2010), Peştera cu Oase, Romaina (Trinkaus et al. 2003; Rougier et al. 2007), Peştera Muierii, Romania (Soficaru et al. 2006), Mladeč, Czech Republic (Frayer et al. 2006; Wolpoff et al. 2006) and Cioclovina, Romania (Soficaru et al. 2007). These claims have not gone unchallenged (e.g., Tattersall and Schwartz 1999; Harvati et al. 2007). Perhaps one of the more interesting specimens in this regard is the 40–30 ka mandibular corpus from Riparo di Mezzena, Italy. This fragment has been interepreted as a Neandertal on the basis of its mtDNA, which shows “a classic Neandertal motif with the diagnostic transversion 16256 C/A” (Condemi et al. 2013: 6). However, it also displays an incipient mental trigone (chin), a feature that long has been held to be a distinction of Homo sapiens (Schwartz and Tattersall 2000).
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Acknowledgements
I thank Brian Stewart for the invitation to provide this review, and Brian, Sacha Jones and Eric Delson for their persistence and patience. Thanks to Zelalem Assefa, Graeme Barker, Frank Brown, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Tyler Faith, Craig Feibel, John Fleagle, Chris Henshilwood, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Chris Hunt, Richard Klein, Christine Lane, Curtis Marean, Justin Pargeter, John Parkington, Tim Reynolds, Eleanor Scerri, John Shea, Lyn Wadley, Tim White, Pamela Willoughby and Sarah Wurz for information pertaining to specific Late Pleistocene sites and fossils. I am grateful to Jenna Cole for information and discussions concerning paleoclimate and late Quaternary African paleoenvironments, and to Brenna Henn for providing invaluable insights into the human genetic landscape of Africa. I am especially grateful to Eric Delson, John Fleagle, Tim Compton, Chris Stringer and Richard Klein for their comments and suggestions on the entire manuscript. The illustrations were skillfully executed by Luci Betti-Nash.
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Grine, F.E. (2016). The Late Quaternary Hominins of Africa: The Skeletal Evidence from MIS 6-2. In: Jones, S., Stewart, B. (eds) Africa from MIS 6-2. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_17
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