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The Roles of Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors in Inducing Epigenetic Changes

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The Biochemistry of Retinoic Acid Receptors I: Structure, Activation, and Function at the Molecular Level

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 70))

Abstract

Epigenetics is “the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products which bring the phenotype into being” as defined by Conrad Waddington in 1942 in a discussion of the mechanisms of cell differentiation. More than seven decades later we know that these mechanisms include histone tail post-translational modifications, DNA methylation, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA pathways. Epigenetic modifications are powerful drugs targets, and combined targeting of multiple pathways is expected to significantly advance cancer therapy.

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Abbreviations

SAH:

S-adenosylhomocysteine

SAHA:

Suberoylanilidehydroxamic acid

KMT/PRMT:

Lysine/arginine methyltransferase

KDM/PRDM:

Lysine/arginine demethylase

ES:

Embryonic stem

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

CpG:

Phosphodiester-bonded cytosine–guanine dinucleotide

MECP:

Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

RAR:

Retinoic acid receptor

RA:

retinoic acid

Hox:

Homeobox

ChIP:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

RXR:

Retinoid X receptor

RARE:

Retinoic acid responsive DNA element

PRC:

Polycomb repressive complex

5hmC:

5-hydroxymethylcytosine

5-Aza:

5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine

DZNep:

3-Deazaneplanocin A

HSCs:

Hematopoietic stem cells

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

TDG:

thymine DNA glycosylase

PP:

proximal promoter

KDM1:

LSD1/2

KDM4A:

JMJD2A

KDM5A:

Jarid1A/B/C/D

KDM6:

JMJD3/UTX/(UTY)

KAT3A/B:

CBP/p300

KAT6A:

MOZ

KAT6B:

MORF

MT2A:

MLL1

KMT2B/C:

MLL2/3

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Weill Cornell and the NIH (NCI R01-CA043796 to LJG, NIDCR R01-DE010389 to LJG), and (NIAAA F32-AA021045 to AU) for support for this chapter. We also thank members of the Gudas lab for suggestions and comments, and in particular, Dr. Yannick Benoit for critically reading this chapter. We thank Tamara Weissman for editing this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Alison Urvalek, Kristian Bruun Laursen & Lorraine J. Gudas

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  1. Alison Urvalek
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  2. Kristian Bruun Laursen
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  3. Lorraine J. Gudas
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Correspondence to Alison Urvalek or Kristian Bruun Laursen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Mary Ann Asson-Batres

  2. IGBMC, Illkirch Cedex, France

    Cécile Rochette-Egly

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Urvalek, A., Laursen, K.B., Gudas, L.J. (2014). The Roles of Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors in Inducing Epigenetic Changes. In: Asson-Batres, M., Rochette-Egly, C. (eds) The Biochemistry of Retinoic Acid Receptors I: Structure, Activation, and Function at the Molecular Level. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 70. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_7

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