Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Early Years of European Integration—German and Dutch Reactions to the Schuman Plan

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Governance and Security Issues of the European Union

  • 849 Accesses

Abstract

On 9 May 1950, Robert Schuman, the French minister of Foreign Affairs, launched his daring and—to many contemporaries—shocking plan to put the Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole under a common High Authority. By doing so, he not only hoped to prevent war in Europe in the future, but also started the process of European integration. How did the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) react to this controversial plan and why did they decide to join the European integration process? This chapter claims that although there were a number of similarities between Bonn and The Hague, they had different reasons for joining the European integration process from the start. For the FRG, it was mainly a way to regain its sovereignty and to be seen as a normal state again. For The Netherlands, however, the reasons seem mostly to have been economic. By integrating Germany into the Western block, Europe and especially The Netherlands could profit from Germany’s economic potential, while at the same time preventing the country from becoming a military threat ever again. It also explains the Dutch resistance towards more political integration. In fact, the Dutch government remained anti-supranational well into the 1950s. The Dutch European policy, especially in the early years, was driven primarily and maybe even exclusively, by economic considerations, whereas that of the Federal Republic was above all inspired by political motives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See European Security Mechanism website 2015.

  2. 2.

    de Bruijn 2013, p. 7.

  3. 3.

    Klemann 2010, p. 78.

  4. 4.

    de Wagt 2015.

  5. 5.

    Lak 2010, p. 408.

  6. 6.

    Vrij Nederland, 5 July 1943.

  7. 7.

    “A merger of the two countries with regard to customs and economy.” As quoted by Lappenküper 1994, p. 407.

  8. 8.

    See for example Judt 2007, p. 156; Milward 1984, p. 395.

  9. 9.

    Stone 2014, p. 74.

  10. 10.

    Krijtenburg 2012, pp. 118–119; Krijtenburg 2015, p. 148.

  11. 11.

    Schuman 1950.

  12. 12.

    Harryvan and Van der Harst 2008, p. 125.

  13. 13.

    Segers 2013, p. 75.

  14. 14.

    This point has especially been brought forward by Segers 2013, p. 10.

  15. 15.

    The mood of exaltation is described very well by Buruma 2013, especially Chap. 1.

  16. 16.

    Eichengreen 2007, p. 73.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., pp. 54–55.

  18. 18.

    As quoted by Lak 2015a, b, p. 79.

  19. 19.

    Judt 2007, p. 82.

  20. 20.

    Reichardt and Zierenberg 2009, p. 71.

  21. 21.

    Schlieper 1986, p. 149.

  22. 22.

    Abelshauser 1984, p. 7.

  23. 23.

    Rombeck-Jaschinski 1990, p. 11.

  24. 24.

    Abelshauser 2004, p. 66.

  25. 25.

    Wemelsfelder 1954, pp. 3–4; Kleßmann 1991, p. 46; Abelshauser 2004, p. 87.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., Wemelsfelder 1954, p. 4.

  27. 27.

    Van Hook 2004, pp. 19, 39.

  28. 28.

    Benz 2000, p. 267.

  29. 29.

    Benz and Faulenbach 2002, p. 7.

  30. 30.

    Schwarz 1980, p. 108.

  31. 31.

    Benz 1984, p. 35.

  32. 32.

    Kleßmann 1991, p. 32.

  33. 33.

    Schwarz 1980, pp. 107–108.

  34. 34.

    Abelshauser 2004, p. 87.

  35. 35.

    Wolf 2006, p. 323.

  36. 36.

    Wubs 2008, p. 172.

  37. 37.

    Kiersch 1977, p. 61.

  38. 38.

    Wubs 2008, p. 172.

  39. 39.

    Becker 1979, p. 20. See also: Lak 2014, pp. 446–447; Slaveski 2013, p. 127.

  40. 40.

    Farquharson 1997, p. 334.

  41. 41.

    Taylor 2011, p. 204.

  42. 42.

    Wubs 2008, p. 172.

  43. 43.

    Wiesen 2004, p. 43; Also Eisenberg 1996, p. 139.

  44. 44.

    Wubs 2008, p. 172.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., p. 172.

  46. 46.

    As quoted by Eisenberg 1996, p. 40.

  47. 47.

    Taylor 2011, p. 245. Also Hayes 1987, pp. 347–364 and Rees 2005, p. 62.

  48. 48.

    See for example Stokes 2009.

  49. 49.

    Jarausch 2006, p. 77.

  50. 50.

    As quoted by Wubs 2008, p. 172.

  51. 51.

    Kleßmann 1991, pp. 22–23.

  52. 52.

    Taylor 2011, p. 253.

  53. 53.

    Kleßmann 1991, p. 100.

  54. 54.

    Taylor 2011, pp. 118–119.

  55. 55.

    Ahrens 2010, p. 29.

  56. 56.

    Stokes 2006, p. 67.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., pp. 46–47.

  58. 58.

    Harryvan and Van der Harst 2008, p. 119.

  59. 59.

    Diegmann 2004, p. 197.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., p. 198.

  61. 61.

    Taylor 2011, pp. 307–308.

  62. 62.

    Klemann 2004, pp. 1–2.

  63. 63.

    Diegmann 2004, p. 198.

  64. 64.

    Kleßmann 1991, p. 110.

  65. 65.

    Griffiths 1984, p. 33.

  66. 66.

    National Archives 1945.

  67. 67.

    Hess and Wielenga 1987, p. 352.

  68. 68.

    Lak 2008, p. 5.

  69. 69.

    See for example Lak 2015a, b, especially Chap. 2 and conclusion.

  70. 70.

    Nordrhein-Westfälisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf (HstAD) 1948.

  71. 71.

    Wielenga 1989, p. 226.

  72. 72.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1947 Otto 1948.

  73. 73.

    For an extensive analysis in of the Dutch policy towards Germany in the first post-war years see Lak 2009, pp. 45–85 and Lak 2011.

  74. 74.

    Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 1970; own calculations.

  75. 75.

    Fase 1997, p. 426.

  76. 76.

    Lak 2011, p. 140.

  77. 77.

    Lak 2015a, b, p. 161.

  78. 78.

    Eichengreen and Boltho 2010, p. 279.

  79. 79.

    Milward 1984, p. 164.

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    Segers 2013, p. 77.

  82. 82.

    This paragraph and its quotations are based on: Hitchcock 2010, p. 171.

  83. 83.

    van Middelaar 2009, p. 203.

  84. 84.

    Judt 2007, p. 156.

  85. 85.

    Schwabe 2007, pp. 13–14.

  86. 86.

    van Middelaar 2009, p. 204.

  87. 87.

    Hitchcock 2010, p. 171.

  88. 88.

    Ibid., p. 171.

  89. 89.

    Davies 1998, p. 1084.

  90. 90.

    Segers 2015, p. 88.

  91. 91.

    ‘I welcome the ideas as an essential step towards a close collaboration with France and therewith towards a new European order, based on peaceful co-operation. The plan of the French government, as you have generally explained them, will be warmly welcomed in the German public opinion, as for the first time after the catastrophe of 1945, Germany and France will work together on a task on an equal footing. Gez. Adenauer 1950.

  92. 92.

    Judt 2007, p. 151.

  93. 93.

    van Middelaar 2009, p. 193.

  94. 94.

    Judt 2007, p. 151.

  95. 95.

    Kitchen 2006, p. 326.

  96. 96.

    Boterman 2005, p. 418.

  97. 97.

    van Clemen 2009, p. 162.

  98. 98.

    Kleßmann 1991, p. 229.

  99. 99.

    Ibid., p. 199; Boterman 2005, p. 418.

  100. 100.

    Lappenküper 1994, p. 406.

  101. 101.

    “The fulfilment of its own hopes to a reconciliation between the French and the Germans.” Schwabe 2007, p. 21.

  102. 102.

    Ibid., p. 23.

  103. 103.

    van Middelaar 2009, p. 70.

  104. 104.

    Lappenküper 1994, p. 443.

  105. 105.

    Van der Linden 1985, p. 64; See also Lak 2011, p. 44.

  106. 106.

    Segers 2013, p. 11.

  107. 107.

    Brouwer 2008, p. 125.

  108. 108.

    Lieftinck, pp. 241–260; Salzmann 1999, pp. 240–241.

  109. 109.

    Ibid., Salzmann 1999, p. 240; See also: Hellema 2001, p. 163.

  110. 110.

    Aanhangsel tot het Verslag van de Handelingen der Tweede Kamer (7 June 1950) Vel 78, 157.

  111. 111.

    Segers 2013, p. 80.

  112. 112.

    Vollaard et al. 2015, p. 19. Also: Harryvan and Van der Harst 1994, pp. 143–171.

  113. 113.

    Salzmann 1999, p. 240.

  114. 114.

    Segers 2013, p. 84.

  115. 115.

    Ibid., p. 77.

  116. 116.

    Milward 1984, p. 408.

  117. 117.

    Ibid., p. 409.

  118. 118.

    Reinalda 2009, p. 751.

  119. 119.

    Ibid., p. 751.

  120. 120.

    Lak 2010, pp. 406–407.

  121. 121.

    van Zanden 1997, p. 177.

  122. 122.

    Wielenga 1999, p. 42.

  123. 123.

    Griffiths 1990a, b, p. 10.

  124. 124.

    Ibid., “Preface,” p. XI.

  125. 125.

    Kersten 1992, p. 6. Also Kersten 1990, p. 119–138.

  126. 126.

    Ibid., p. 138.

  127. 127.

    Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt Berlin 1950.

  128. 128.

    Mallinson 2010, p. 196.

  129. 129.

    Hellema 2001, p. 191.

  130. 130.

    Klemann 2006, p. 59.

References

  • Abelshauser W (1984) Der Ruhrkohlenbergbau seit 1945. Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelshauser W (2004) Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte seit 1945. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Adenauer G (1950) Offizielles Schreiben des Bundeskanzlers Adenauer an den französischen Außenminister Schuman zum Vorschlag einer gemeinschaftlichen hohen Stelle für die deutsche und französische Kohle- und Stahlproduktion. http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/dokumente/briefe/schreibenschuman1?highlight=Schuman. Accessed 30 Apr 2016

  • Ahrens R (2010), Von der “Säuberung” zum Generalpardon: Die Entnazifizierung der westdeutschen Wirtschaft. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte – Europäische Wirtschaftseliten nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, 51(2):25–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker J (1979) Die Deutsche Frage in der internationalen Politik 1941–1949. Grundzüge und Hauptprobleme ihrer Entwicklung. In: Becker J, Stammen T, Waldmann P (eds) Vorgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Zwischen Kapitulation und Grundgesetz. Fink Verlag, Munich, pp 9–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz W (1984) Von der Besatzungsherrschaft zur Bundesrepublik. Stationen einer Staatsgründung. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz W (2000) Geschichte des Dritten Reiches. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz W, Faulenbach J (2002) Deutschland 1945–1949. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Boterman F (2005) Moderne Geschiedenis van Duitsland 1800-heden. De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer JW (2008), Nederlands grootste onderhandelaar. Dirk Pieter Spierenburg (1909–2001). In: Van der Zwan B, De Graaf B, Hellema D (eds) In dienst van Buitenlandse Zaken. Achttien portretten van ambtenaren en diplomaten in de twintigste eeuw. Boom, Amsterdam, pp 119–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Buruma I (2013) Year Zero. A History of 1945. Atlantic Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) (1970) Zeventig jaar statistiek in tijdreeksen 1899–1969. Staatsdrukkerij, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies N (1998) Europe. A history. Harper Perennial, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bruijn T (2013) Voorwoord. In: Van Meurs W, De Bruin R, Hoetink C, Van Leeuwen K, Van de Grift L (eds) Europa in alle staten. Zestig jaar geschiedenis van de Europese integratie. Uitgeverij Vantilt, Nijmegen, pp 7–9

    Google Scholar 

  • de Wagt W (2015) Wij Europeanen. Bas Lubberhuizen, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Diegmann A (2004) American deconcentration policy in the Ruhr coal industry. In: Diefendorf JM, Frohn A, Rupieper HJ (eds) American policy and the reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 197–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichengreen B (2007) The European economy since 1945: coordinated capitalism and beyond. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichengreen B, Boltho A (2010) The economic impact of European integration. In: Broadberry S, O’Rourke KH (eds) The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe. Volume 2: 1870 to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 267–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg C (1996) Drawing the line. The American decision to divide Germany, 1944–1949. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • European Security Mechanism website (2015) http://www.esm.europa.eu/. Accessed 27 Apr 2016

  • Farquharson JA (1997) A Game of Cat and Mouse? Dismantling for Reparations in the British Zone of Germany 1947–1950. Ger Hist 15(3):333–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fase MMG (1997) De Marshall-hulp opnieuw beschouwd. ESB 82 (4108):424–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths RT (1984) Economic reconstruction policy in the Netherlands and its international consequences, May 1945–March 1951. European University Institute, San Domenico

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths RT (1990a) Preface. In: Griffiths RT (ed) The Netherlands and the integration of Europe. NEHA, Amsterdam, pp IX–XII

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths RT (1990b) The stranglehold of bilateralism. In: Griffiths RT (ed) The Netherlands and the integration of Europe 1945–1957. NEHA, Amsterdam, pp 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Harryvan AG, Van der Harst J (1994) Het Nederlandse Europabeleid na het einde van de Koude Oorlog. Transaktie 23:143–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Harryvan AG, Van der Harst J (2008) Max Kohnstamm. Leven en werk van een Europeaan. Het Spectrum, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes P (1987) Industry and Ideology—I.G. Farben and the Nazi Era. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellema D (2001) Neutraliteit & Vrijhandel. De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse buitenlandse betrekkingen. Het Spectrum, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess JC, Wielenga F (1987) Die Niederlande und die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands. Ein Beitrag zur Debatte um die “Verpassten Gelegenheiten” im Jahr 1952. Vierteljahresheft für Zeitgeschichte, 35(3):349–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock WI (2010) The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West. In: Leffler MP, Westad OA (eds) The Cambridge history of the cold war. Volume I: Origins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 154–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarausch K (2006) After Hitler. Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Judt T (2007) Postwar. A history of Europe since 1945. Pimlico, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersten AE (1990) Die Niederlande und die Westintegration der Bundesrepublik. Wirtschaft, Sicherheit und politische Kontrolle. In: Herbst L, Bührer W, Sowade H (eds) Vom Marshallplan zur EWG. Die Eingliederung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die westliche Welt. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, pp 119–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersten AE (1992), Oorsprong en inzet van de Nederlandse Europese integratiepolitiek. In: Bloemen E. (ed) Het Benelux-effect. België, Nederland en Luxemburg en de Europese integratie, 1945–1957. NEHA, Amsterdam, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiersch G (1977) Die Französische Deutschlandpolitik 1945–1949. In: Scharf C, Schröder HJ (eds) Politische und Ökonomische Stabilisierung Westdeutschlands 1945–1949. Fünf Beiträge zur Deutschlandpolitik der westlichen Alliierten. Verlag Philip, Wiesbaden, pp 61–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchen M (2006) A history of modern Germany 1800–2000. Wiley, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemann HAM (2004) Point Zero. The economic problems of Western Europe in 1945. Paper presented to the ESF-Conference Post-war Economic Reconstruction, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 3–4 Sept 2004, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemann HAM (2006) Waarom bestaat Nederland eigenlijk nog? Nederland-Duitsland: Economische integratie en politieke consequenties 1860–2000 Erasmus University Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemann HAM (2010) Europe without economy. Low Countries Historical Review—BMGN, 125(4):74–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleßmann C (1991) Die doppelte Staatsgründung. Deutsche Geschichte 1945–1955. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Krijtenburg M (2012) Schuman’s Europe. His frame of reference. Leiden University Press, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Krijtenburg M (2015) Robert Schuman’s commitment to European unification. The inspiring role of his Roman Catholic faith. Philosophia Reformata 80:140–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2008) Na de overwinning. De Amerikanen, Britten en Russen in Duitsland na WO II. De Academische Boekengids 69:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2009) Eine Angelegenheit von fundamentaler Bedeutung. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen der ökonomischen und politische Beziehungen zwischen der Niederlanden und Deutschland, 1945–1949. In: Klemann HAM. Wielenga F (eds) Deutschland und die Niederlande. Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Waxmann, Münster, pp 45–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2010) ‘Onze welvaart valt en staat met die van Duitschland’. Opvattingen over naoorlogs Duitsland bij de Nederlandse regering in Londen en de illegale pers tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 123(3):401–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2011) Because we need them… German-Dutch relations after the occupation: economic inevitability and political sovereignty, 1945–1957. Unpublished PhD-thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2014) De Tweede Wereldoorlog werd aan het Oostfront beslist. Recente geschiedschrijving over WO II in Europa. Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 127(3):439–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2015a) The Rhine in Ruins. The consequences of World War II for the Rhine shipping between the Netherlands and Germany, 1945 to 1957. Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte/Journal of Business History, 60(1):75–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Lak M (2015b) Tot elkaar veroordeeld. De Nederlands-Duitse economische en politieke betrekkingen tussen 1945–1957. Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum

    Google Scholar 

  • Lappenküper U (1994) Der Schuman-Plan. Mühsamer Durchbruch zur deutsch-französischen Verständigung. Vierteljahresheft für Zeitgeschichte, 42(3):403–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieftinck P (1950) Europese economische integratie. De Economist 98(1):241–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallinson W (2010) From neutrality to commitment. Dutch foreign policy, NATO and European integration. I.B. Tauris Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Milward AS (1984) The reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–1951. Methuen & Co. Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Map 565 (912,230) Duitsland West. Geallieerden en Nederlandse politiek t.a.v. Duitsland; Rapportage Ir. L.F. Otto 1948; L.F. Otto, Commissaris-Generaal voor de Nederlandse Economische Belangen in Duitsland, enkele aantekeningen betreffende de huidige situatie in Duitsland, Nov 1947

    Google Scholar 

  • National Archives (1945) The Hague, Ministerraad, 1823–1988, access code 2.02.05.02, inventory number 570; Council for Economic Affairs, Verslag van de vergadering gehouden op maandag, 22 Oct 1945

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordrhein-Westfälisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf (HstAD) (1948), NW 397–199 Staatskanzlei; Discussion Zum Wirtschaftverhältnis Deutschland-Holland

    Google Scholar 

  • Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt Berlin, AA B 11, Bd. 434, Microfiche 434–1; letter Du Mont to Auswärtiges Amt: Aussenpolitik der Niederlande, 2 July 1950

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees L (2005) Auschwitz. The Nazis and the “Final Solution.” BBC Books, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt S, Zierenberg M (2009) Damals nach dem Krieg. Eine Geschichte Deutschlands 1945 bis 1949. Wilhelm Goldman Verlag, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinalda B (2009) The Netherlands, the United States, and the development of a postwar international economy. In: Krabbendam H, Van Minnen CA, Scott-Smith G (eds) Four centuries of Dutch-American relations 1609–2009. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp 741–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Rombeck-Jaschinski U (1990) Nordrhein-Westfalen, die Ruhr und Europa. Föderalismus und Europapolitik 1945–1955. Klartext Verlag, Essen

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzmann WH (1999) Herstel, wederopbouw en Europese samenwerking. D.P. Spierenburg en de buitenlandse economische betrekkingen van Nederland 1945–1952. Sdu Uitgevers, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlieper A (1986) 150 Jahre Ruhrgebiet. Ein Kapitel deutscher Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Verlag Schwann-Bagel, Düsseldorf

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuman (1950) Declaration of Robert Schuman in Paris, 9 May 1950. http://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/declaration-of-9-may-1950. Accessed 11 May 2015

  • Schwabe K (2007) Die Gründung der Montanunion aus deutscher und französischer Sicht. In: Rasch M, Düwell K (eds) Anfänge und Auswirkungen der Montanunion auf Europa. Die Stahlindustrie in Politik und Wirtschaft. Klartext Verlag, Essen, pp 13–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz HP (1980) Vom Reich zur Bundesrepublik. Deutschland im Widerstreit der außenpolitische Konzeptionen in den Jahren der Besatzungsherrschaft 1945–1949. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Segers M (2013) Reis naar het continent. Nederland en de Europese integratie, 1950 tot heden. Bert Bakker, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Segers M (2015) Nederland en de Europese integratie. In: Pekelder J, Raben R, Segers M (eds) De wereld volgens Nederland. Nederlandse buitenlandse politiek in historisch perspectief. Boom, Amsterdam, pp 83–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaveski F (2013) The Soviet occupation of Germany. Hunger, mass violence, and the struggle for peace, 1945–1947. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes R (2006) Opting for oil. The political economy of technological change in the West German chemical industry, 1945–1961. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes R (2009) Divide and prosper. The heirs of I.G. Farben under allied authority 1945–1951. Hexagon Press, Huddersfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone D (2014) Goodbye to all that? The story of Europe since 1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor F (2011) Exorcising Hitler. The occupation and denazification of Germany. Bloomsbury Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van Clemen S (2009) Konrad Adenauer. Een biografie. Uitgeverij Aspekt, Soesterberg

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Linden JTJM (1985) Economische ontwikkeling en de rol van de overheid. Nederland 1945–1955. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hook JC (2004) Rebuilding Germany. The creation of the social market economy, 1945–1957. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • van Middelaar L (2009) De passage naar Europa. Geschiedenis van een begin. Historische Uitgeverij, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • van Zanden JL (1997) Een klein land in de 20e eeuw. Economische geschiedenis van Nederland 1914–1995. Het Spectrum, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollaard H, Van der Harst J, Voerman G (2015) Inleiding. In: H. Vollaard H, Van der Harst J, Voerman G (eds) Van aanvallen! naar verdedigen? De opstelling van Nederland ten aanzien van Europese integratie, 1945–2015. Boom Bestuurskunde, Amsterdam, pp 13–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrij Nederland, 5 July 1943

    Google Scholar 

  • Wemelsfelder J (1954) Het herstel van de Duits-Nederlandse economische betrekkingen na de Tweede Wereldoorlog. H.E. Stenfert Kroese, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Wielenga F (1989) West-Duitsland: partner uit noodzaak. Nederland en de Bondsrepubliek, 1949–1955. Het Spectrum, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Wielenga F (1999) Van vijand tot bondgenoot. Nederland en Duitsland na 1945. Uitgeverij Boom, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesen SJ (2004) West German industry and the challenge of the Nazi past, 1945–1955. University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf HC (2006) Post-war Germany in the European context: domestic and external determinants of growth. In: Eichengreen B (ed) Europe’s post-war recovery. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 323–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Wubs B (2008) International business and national war interests. Unilever between Reich and Empire. Routledge, Abingdon

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Management and Organisation, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Room U.37, Johanna Westerdijkplein 75, 2521 EN, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Martijn Lak

Authors
  1. Martijn Lak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martijn Lak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Governance, Law and Security (BRV), The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Jaap de Zwaan

  2. Faculty of Management & Organisation, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Martijn Lak

  3. Faculty of Governance, Law and Security (BRV), The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Abiola Makinwa

  4. Faculty of Governance, Law and Security (BRV), The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Piet Willems

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 T.M.C. Asser press and the authors

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lak, M. (2016). The Early Years of European Integration—German and Dutch Reactions to the Schuman Plan. In: de Zwaan, J., Lak, M., Makinwa, A., Willems, P. (eds) Governance and Security Issues of the European Union. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-144-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-144-9_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-143-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-144-9

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships

Search

Navigation