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Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Applications: Focus on Architectural RNA (arcRNA), a Class of lncRNA

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Applied RNA Bioscience

Abstract

Transcriptome analyses have revealed large numbers of non-protein coding transcripts called noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are produced from most genomic regions in mammalian cells. These ncRNAs include many thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) more than 200 nucleotides in length. Although our knowledge of these lncRNAs remains limited, recent studies have revealed their diverse roles under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as their mechanisms of action in a variety of cellular processes including epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, posttranscriptional processing, and intracellular organization. In addition, multiple studies show that aberrant expression of lncRNAs is associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting that lncRNAs represent promising target molecules for biomedical applications. Here, I review lncRNAs and several related applications and in particular an emerging class of lncRNAs termed architectural RNA (arcRNA). I describe and discuss arcRNAs in mammals, focusing on their biogenesis, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. In addition, I highlight our newly established methods for discovering arcRNA candidates. Finally, I emphasize the importance of identifying the RNA elements embedded in lncRNAs that dictate their functions; these elements provide opportunities for future applications in biotechnology, biomarkers, and therapeutics.

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  1. Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Tomohiro Yamazaki

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  1. Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Seiji Masuda

  2. Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan

    Shingo Izawa

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Yamazaki, T. (2018). Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Applications: Focus on Architectural RNA (arcRNA), a Class of lncRNA. In: Masuda, S., Izawa, S. (eds) Applied RNA Bioscience. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8372-3_11

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