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Agronomic Crop Responses and Tolerance to Metals/Metalloids Toxicity

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Agronomic Crops

Abstract

The cultivation of crops for food production has been tremendously increased with the increasing world population. Various crops are being used for food, fiber and oil extraction, edible seeds and leaves, land reclamation, and fuel purposes. The applications of fertilizers has also been increased to fulfill high demand for agronomic crops. Several anthropogenic and natural activities have resulted in soil pollution in agriculture lands. Different types of contaminants including metals and metalloids accumulate in the soil ecosystem which are taken up by plant roots and cause various types of stresses in plant physiology which can lead to dysfunctions and disorders in many processes and mechanisms of plants. In response to the stress of metals and metalloids, plants show different types of mechanisms to resist or cope with this type of stress. Each and every plant shows different mechanisms against different heavy metals to reduce or tolerate their effects. Plants also secrete different enzymes through root exudates which also lessen the harmful impacts of metals and metalloids. Plants also exhibit defensive mechanisms by forming a mycorrhizal association. The tolerance of metals and metalloids stress is also governed at a cellular level, and different organelles are also involved in mitigating their toxic effects. Different cell organelles like plasma membrane and cell wall also show complete inhibition or permeable absorption of these contaminants. In response to the high stress of metals and metalloids, plants also secrete heat shock proteins to prevent the injuries caused by these pollutants. In addition to heat shock proteins, plants also excrete phytochelatins through their roots in the rhizosphere to fix these metals and their metalloids. Plants also exhibit response under these stresses at the molecular level and modify genes for expression of stress conditions. Therefore, it is clear that agronomic crops have adapted various kinds of mechanisms and processes which can reduce the toxic and harmful effects of metals and metalloids in order to show proper growth.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan

    Nadeem Iqbal, Nida Nazir, Muhammad Nauman & Malik Tahir Hayat

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Waquar-un-Nisa

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  1. Nadeem Iqbal
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  2. Nida Nazir
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  3. Muhammad Nauman
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Correspondence to Malik Tahir Hayat .

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  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

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Iqbal, N., Nazir, N., Nauman, M., Hayat, M.T., Waquar-un-Nisa (2020). Agronomic Crop Responses and Tolerance to Metals/Metalloids Toxicity. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Agronomic Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_12

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