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Therapeutic Applications of Noble Metal (Au, Ag, Pt)-Based Nanomedicines for Melanoma

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Nanomedicine for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Abstract

Melanoma is considered to be the most aggressive form of skin cancer. It mostly occurs as a result of exposure to the ultra violet (UV) radiation from the sun or due to genetic predisposition. Recent reports suggested that melanoma causes around 60,000 deaths worldwide. Conventional therapeutic approaches that are being applied for the treatment of melanoma include chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, and radiation. However, the adverse side effects and drug resistance associated with the above strategies are the major causes of low patient outcomes and threaten to pose serious clinical challenges. Currently, nanomedicines, including inorganic noble metal nanoparticles, especially gold, silver, and platinum, which are known to have versatile biomedical applications, are being considered as a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of melanoma. These nanoparticles are mostly used as therapeutic agents, as contrast agents for diagnosis, or as nanovehicles for carrying anti-cancer drugs, nucleic acids, antibodies, and peptides to target cells, to selectively curtail cancer tissues in the body. Although numerous studies have reported promising results of noble metals nanoparticles in the treatment of melanoma, a single review article or book chapter that offers a comprehensive demonstration of applications of these nanomedicines in melanoma therapy is hard to find. Therefore, in this book chapter, we compile and discuss the recent advancements in nanomedicinal approaches using these noble metal nanoparticles in treatment of melanoma. Finally, we address the major challenges that are still to be overcome in the path to the meritorious future of these nanomedicinal approaches.

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Abbreviations

A375:

Human melanoma cells

AgNP:

Silver nanoparticle

AuNP:

Gold nanoparticles

B16F10:

Murine skin melanoma cells

BRAF:

A proto-oncogene B-Raf

C57BL/6:

C57 black 6 mice strain

CD44:

Cluster of differentiation 44

CMC:

Carboxymethylcellulose

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

DMBA:

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a) anthracene

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOX:

Doxorubicin

EdU:

5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

FDA:

Food and drug administration

FLIM:

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

FU:

Fluorouracil

γ-GT:

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

GNP:

Gold nanoparticle

GOT:

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

GPT:

Glutamic pyruvic transaminase

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

HaCaT:

Human keratinocytes

HDF:

Human dermal fibroblast

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

ICG:

Indocyanine green

ICR-191:

Acridine mutagen

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IL6:

Interleukin 6

IL8:

Interleukin 8

MART1:

Melanoma antigen

MelJuSo:

Human melanoma cell line

miRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

MSH:

Melanoma stimulating hormone

NIR:

Near infra-red

PAMAM:

Poly amido-amine

PAT:

Photo acoustic tomography

PD-L1:

Programmed death-ligand 1

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PpIX:

Protoporphyrin IX

PtNP:

Platinum nanoparticle

PTT:

Photothermal therapy

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

siRNA:

Small interfering ribonucleic acid

SOX2:

Transcription factor

SPBANP:

Silver Prussian blue analogs nanoparticles

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TAG:

Titanium-dioxide-nanoparticle–gold-nanocluster–graphene

TAT:

Twin-arginine translocation

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TiO2:

Titanium dioxide

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TUNEL:

TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling

UV:

Ultra violet

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

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Acknowledgement

Financial support from Nano Mission-DST (SR/NM/NS-1252/2013; GAP 570), New Delhi, to C.R.P. is duly acknowledged. A.R. is thankful to ICMR, New Delhi for supporting her Senior Research Fellowship and P.B.T. is thankful to CSIR, New Delhi for supporting her Senior Research Fellowship. We thank Director, CSIR-IICT (Ms. No. IICT/Pubs./2020/185, dated July 3, 2020) for providing all the required facilities to carry out the work.

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  1. Arpita Roy and Papia Basuthakur contributed equally with all other contributors.

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  1. Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Arpita Roy, Papia Basuthakur & Chitta Ranjan Patra

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

    Arpita Roy, Papia Basuthakur & Chitta Ranjan Patra

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  1. Arpita Roy
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  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Arshi Malik

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Sarah Afaq

  3. Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Mohammed Tarique

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Roy, A., Basuthakur, P., Patra, C.R. (2021). Therapeutic Applications of Noble Metal (Au, Ag, Pt)-Based Nanomedicines for Melanoma. In: Malik, A., Afaq, S., Tarique, M. (eds) Nanomedicine for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7564-8_8

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