Abstract
The following paper represents a survey of steganography techniques suitable for usage in ECG. A few steganographic methods have been discussed below, it has been believed that these methods can be exploited to bring out more techniques suitable for ECG. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of existing steganographic techniques for ECG.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Petitcolas, F.A., et al.: Information hiding-a survey. Proc. IEEE 87, 1062–1078 (1999)
Johnson, N.F., et al.: Exploring steganography: seeing the unseen. Computer 31, 26–34 (1998)
Ibaida, A., Khalil, I.: Wavelet-based ECG steganography for protecting patient confidential information in point-of-care systems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60(12), 3322–3330 (2013)
Jero, S.E., Ramu, P., Ramakrishnan, S.: Discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition based ECG steganography for secured patient information transmission. J. Med. Syst. 38(10) (2014)
Jero, S.E., Ramu, P., Ramakrishnan, S.: Steganography in arrhythmic electrocardiogram signal. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (2015)
Liji, C.A., Indiradevi, K.P., Babu, K.K.A.: Integer-to-integer wavelet transform based ECG steganography for securing patient confidential information. Proc. Technol. 24, 1039–1047 (2016)
Dilip, P.K., Raskar, V.B.: Hiding patient confidential information in ECG signal using DWT technique. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Eng. Technol. (IJARCET) 4(2), 533–538 (2015)
Tseng, K.-K., He, X., Kung, W.-M., Chen, S.-T., Liao, M., Huang, H.-N.: Wavelet-based watermarking and compression for ECG signals with verification evaluation. Sensors 14(2), 3721–3736 (2014)
Jero, S.E., Ramu, P., Swaminathan, R.: Imperceptibility—robustness tradeoff studies for ECG steganography using continuous ant colony optimization. Expert Syst. Appl. 49, 123–135 (2016)
Mishra, A., Agarwal, C., Sharma, A., Bedi, P.: Optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT–SVD and Firefly algorithm. Expert Syst. Appl. 41(17), 7858–7867 (2014)
Ali, M., Ahn, C.W.: Comments on optimized gray-scale image watermarking using DWT–SVD and Firefly Algorithm. Expert Syst. Appl. 42(5), 2392–2394 (2015)
Run, R.S., et al.: An improved SVD based watermarking technique for copyright protection. Expert Syst. Appl. 39(1), 673–689 (2012)
Loukhaoukha, K., Chouinard, J.-Y., Taieb, M.H.: Optimal image watermarking algorithm based on LWT-SVD via multi-objective ant colony optimization. J. Inf. Hiding Multimedia Sign. Proces. 2(4), 303–319 (2011)
Sankari, V., Nandhini, K.: Steganography technique to secure patient confidential information using ECG signal. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES) (2014)
Kaur, S., Singhal, R., Farooq, O., Ahuja, B.: Digital watermarking of ECG data for secure wireless communication. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing. IEEE, pp. 140–144 (2010)
Zheng, K., Qian, X.: Reversible data hiding for electrocardiogram signal based on wavelet transforms. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, CIS’08, vol. 1, pp. 295–299. IEEE (2008)
Golpira, H., Danyali, H.: Reversible blind watermarking for medical images based on wavelet histogram shifting. In: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT), pp. 31–36. IEEE (2009)
Jero, S.E., Ramu, P.: A robust ECG steganography method. In: 2016 10th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT) (2016)
Raeiatibanadkooki, M., Quchani, S.R., KhalilZade, M., Bahaadinbeigy, K.: Compression and encryption of ECG signal using wavelet and chaotically Huffman codein telemedicine application. J. Med. Syst. 40(3) (2016)
Mahmoud, S.S.: A generalised wavelet packet-based anonymisation approach for ECG security application. Secur. Commun. Netw. 9(18), 6137–6147 (2016)
Devi, A., Shiva Kumar, K.B.: Novel audio steganography technique for ECG signals in point of care systems (NASTPOCS). In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM) (2016)
Engin, M., Çıdam, O., Engin, E.Z.: Wavelet transformation based watermarking technique for human electrocardiogram (ECG). J. Med. Syst. 29(6), 589–594 (2005)
Asha, N.S., Anithadevi, M.D., Shivakumar, K.B., Kurian, M.Z.: ECG signal steganography using wavelet transforms. Int. J. Adv. Netw. Appl. (IJANA) In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovations in Computing & Networking (ICICN16), CSE, RRCE, pp. 355–359 (2016)
Meghani, D., Geetha, S.: ECG Steganography to secure patient data in an E-Healthcare System. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Women in Research 2016—WIR’16 (2016)
Sheeba, G., et al.: Secure crypto and ECG steganography based data communication for wireless body sensor network. Int. J. Innovative Res. Comput. Commun. Eng. 3(3) (2015) (An ISO 3297:2007 Certified Organization)
Sivaranjani, B., Radha, N.: Securing patient’s confidiential information using ECG steganography. In: Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES) (2017)
Marakarkandy, B., Tiwari, M.R.: Secure steganography, compression and transmission of ECG signal for protecting patient confidential information in point-of care systems. Int. J. Appl. Innovation Eng. Manag. (IJAIEM) 4(7), 94–99 (2015)
Awasarmol, S. P., Ashtekar, S., Chintawar, A.: Securely data hiding and transmission in an ECG signal using DWT. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS) (2017)
Tabash, F.K.: A proposed technique for hiding the information of patients on ECG signals. In: IMPACT-2013 (2013)
PremChandran, K., et al.: ECG steganography using integer wavelet transform. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) (2015)
Sahu, N., Peng, D., Sharif, H.: Unequal steganography with unequal error protection for wireless physiological signal transmission. In: IEEE International Conference Communication (2017)
Mathivanan, P., et al.: QR code-based highly secure ECG steganography. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications, pp. 171–178 (2018)
Mathivanan, P., et al.: QR code-based patient data protection in ECG steganography. Australa. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. (2018)
Mathivanan, P., Balaji Ganesh, A.: QR code-based color image cryptography for the secured transmission of ECG signal. Multimedia Tools Appl. (2018)
Edward Jero, S., Ramu, P., Ramakrishnan, S.: ECG steganography using curvelet transform. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 22, 161–169 (2015)
Degadwala, S., et al.: High capacity image steganography using curvelet transform and bit plane slicing. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comp. Sci. 4 (2013) ISSN No. 0976–5697
Patil, V., Patil, M.: Curvelet based ECG steganography for protection of data. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, pp. 238–248 (2018)
Jero, S.E., Ramu, P.: Curvelets-based ECG steganography for data security. Electron. Lett. 52(4), 283–285 (2016)
Ibaida, A., Khalil, I., & Al-Shammary, D.: Embedding patient’s confidential data in ECG signal for healthcare information systems. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology (2010)
Vu Mai, Khalil, I., & Ibaida, A. (2013). Steganography-based access control to medical data hidden in electrocardiogram. In: Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
Abuadbba, A., Khalil, I.: Walsh–hadamard-based 3-D steganography for protecting sensitive information in point-of-care. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 64(9), 2186–2195 (2017)
Pandey, A., Singh, B., Saini, B.S., Sood, N.: A joint application of optimal threshold based discrete cosine transform and ASCII encoding for ECG data compression with its inherent encryption. Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 39(4), 833–855 (2016)
Wu, W., Liu, B., Zhang, W., & Chen, C. (2015). Reversible data hiding in ecg signals based on histogram shifting and thresholding. In: Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Symposium on Future Information and Communication Technologies for Ubiquitous HealthCare (Ubi-HealthTech)
Vallathan, G., Devi, G. G., & Kannan, A. V. (2016). Enhanced data concealing technique to secure medical image in telemedicine applications. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET)
Mohsin, A.H., et al.: Real-time medical systems based on human biometric steganography: a systematic review. J. Med. Syst. 42(12) (2018)
Premarathne, U., et al.: Hybrid cryptographic access control for cloud-based EHR systems. IEEE Cloud Comput. 3(4), 58–64 (2016)
Sivaranjani, D.N.R.B.: Securing patient’s confidential information using ECG steganography, 540–544 (2017)
Liu, T.Y., Lin, K.J., Wu, H.C., et al.: ECG data encryption then compression using singular value decomposition. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Infor. 22(3), 707–713 (2018)
Pandey, A., et al.: An integrated approach using chaotic map & sample value difference method for electrocardiogram steganography and OFDM based secured patient information transmission. J. Med. Syst. 41(12) (2017)
Bethzia, S.H., et al.: An efficient steganography scheme based on chaos encryption. i-Manager’s J. Digital Sign. Proces. 2(2), 22–26 (2014)
Karakış, R., Güler, I., Çapraz, I., Bilir, E.: A novel fuzzy logic-based image steganography method to ensure medical data security. Comput. Biol. Med. 67, 172–183 (2015)
Ibaida, A., Khalil, I., van Schyndel, R.: A low complexity high capacity ECG signal watermark for wearable sensor-net health monitoring system (2011)
Shekhawat, A.S., et al.: A study of ECG steganography for securing patient’s confidential data based on wavelet transformation. Int. J. Comput. Appl. (0975–8887) 105(12) (2014)
Duy, D., et al.: Adaptive steganography technique to secure patient confidential information using ECG signal. In: Proceedings of the 4th NAFOSTED Conference on Information and Computer Science (2017)
Neela, S., et al.: ECG steganography and hash function based privacy protection of patients medical information. Int. J. Trends Eng. Technol. 5(2), 236–241 (2015)
Kumar, P.P., Raj, E.B.: An enhanced cryptography for ECG steganography to satisfy HIPAA privacy and security regulation for bio-medical datas
Acharya, R., Niranjan, U.C., et al.: Simultaneous storage of patient information with medical images in the frequency domain. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 76(1), 13–19 (2004)
Acharya, R., et al.: Transmission and storage of medical images with patient information. Comput. Biol. Med. 33(4), 303–310 (2003)
Yang, C.Y., Wang, W.F.: Effective electrocardiogram steganography based on coefficient alignment. J. Med. Syst. 40(3) (2015)
Yang, C.Y., Wang, W.F.: High-capacity ECG steganography with smart offset coefficients. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, pp. 129–136 (2017)
Chen, S.-T., et al.: Hiding patients confidential data in the ECG signal via a transform-domain quantization scheme. J. Med. Syst. 38(6) (2014)
Shiu, H.-J., et al.: Preserving privacy of online digital physiological signals using blind and reversible steganography. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 151, 159–170 (2017)
Rekha, R., et al.: Secure medical data transmission in body area sensor networks using dynamic biometrics and steganography. Bonfring Int. J. Softw. Eng. Soft Comput. 2(1), 5 (2012)
Cherukuri, S., et al.: Biosec: A biometric based approach for securing communication in wireless networks of biosensors implanted in the human body. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Parallel Processing Workshops, pp. 432–439 (2003)
Raazi, S.M.K.U.R., et al.: Bar in a distributed key management approach for wireless body area networks. In: IEEE Conference (2009)
Miao, F., et al.: A novel biometrics based security solution for body sensor networks. In: IEEE Conference (2009)
Sufi, F., et al.: A chaos-based encryption technique to protect ECG packets for time critical telecardiology applications. Secur. Commun. Netw. (2010)
Wu, J., Shimamoto, S.: An energy efficient data secrecy scheme for wireless body area sensor networks. Comput. Sci. Eng. Int. J. (CSEIJ) 1(2) (2011)
Soni, N., et al.: Robust steganography in Non-QRS regions of 2D ECG for securing patients’ confidential information in E-healthcare paradigm. In: Medical Data Security for Bioengineers (2019)
Wang, H., Zhang, W., Yu, N.: Protecting patient confidential information based on ECG reversible data hiding. Multimed. Tools Appl. 75, 13733–13747 (2016)
Khandare, M., et al.: An approach of ECG steganography to secure the patient’s confidential information. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 3(03), 1867–1871 (2016)
Usman, M. A., Usman, M. R.: Using image steganography for providing enhanced medical data security. In: Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) (2018)
Augustyniak, P.: Analysis of ECG bandwidth gap as a possible carrier for supplementary digital data. In: 2012 Computing in Cardiology, Krakow, Poland, 9–12 Sept 2012
Sathya, D., Kumar, P.G.: Secured remote health monitoring system. Healthc. Technol. Lett. 4(6), 228–232 (2017)
Mathivanan, P., et al.: Color image steganography using XOR multi-bit embedding process. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS) (2017). Author, F.: Article title. Journal 2(5), 99–110 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bhattacherjee, P., Ganguly, D., Chatterjee, K. (2021). A Brief Survey of Steganographic Methods for ECG Signal. In: Bhattacharjee, D., Kole, D.K., Dey, N., Basu, S., Plewczynski, D. (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1255. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7834-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7834-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-7833-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-7834-2
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)