Skip to main content

What Does Language Testing Have to Offer to Multimodal Listening?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Another Generation of Fundamental Considerations in Language Assessment
  • 531 Accesses

Abstract

In response to a question posed first by Bachman (1991), the aim of this chapter is to discuss what the fields of language assessment and multimodal studies may have to offer each other. Using video-based, or “multimodal,” listening as a case study, the chapter argues that the placement of semiotic resources at the core of transdisciplinary SLA (The Douglas Fir Group, 2016) demands greater attention to SFL principles in language assessment. After establishing constructs and reviewing historical precedents, the AUA framework for classroom assessment (Bachman & Damböck, 2018) is proposed as a way to structure the integration of multimodal studies concepts into the testing of semiotic resources. Work by language assessment specialists, particularly in ethical considerations and quantitative methods, may well benefit research in multimodality. The chapter concludes with an agenda for multimodal listening assessment research that points to the fact that language testing has much to offer to this area of increasing importance in classroom assessment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adami, E., & Kress, G. (2014). Introduction: Multimodality, meaning making, and the issue of “text”. Text & Talk, 34(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2014-0007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi, E. (in preparation, 2020). Towards explanatory and predictive computational models of second language videotext difficulty. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, R. (1989). The video connection: Integrating video in language teaching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armes, R. (1988). On video. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arispe, K., & Burston, J. (2017). Making it personal: Performance-based assessments, ubiquitous technology, and advanced learners. Language Learning & Technology, 21(3), 44–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (1990). Constructing measures and measuring constructs. In B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.), The development of second language proficiency (pp. 26–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. (1991). What does language testing have to offer? TESOL Quarterly, 25(4), 671–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. (2004). Statistical analyses for language assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F. (2014). Ongoing challenges in language assessment (Chapter 94). In A. J. Kunnan (Ed.), The companion to language assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Damböck, B. (2018). Language assessment for classroom teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Cohen, A. D. (1998). Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. (2010). Language assessment in practice: Developing language assessments and justifying their use in the real world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, L., Keren, N. I., & Stroud, C. (2017). Developing multimodal therapies for brain disorders: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bali, M., & Mostafa, H. (2018). Listen carefully and you will hear: Using creative multimodal assignments to promote student expression. In J. C. Lee & S. Khadka (Eds.), Designing and implementing multimodal curricula and programs (pp. 227–242). New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Batty, A. O. (2015). A comparison of video- and audio-mediated listening tests with many-facet Rasch modeling and differential distractor functioning. Language Testing, 32(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532214531254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, A. (2018). Interdiscursive performance in digital professions: The case of YouTube tutorials. Journal of Pragmatics, 124, 106–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.11.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brindley, G. (1997). Investigating second language listening ability: Listening skills and item difficulty. In G. Brindley & G. Wigglesworth (Eds.), Access: Issues in language test design and delivery (pp. 65–85). Sydney: NCELTR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butt, D., Fahey, R., Feez, S., Spinks, S., & Yallop, C. (2000). Using functional grammar: An explorer’s guide. Sydney: NCLETR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, H. (2006). Advanced language learning: The contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky. London; New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, H. (2019). Meeting the challenge of instructed language development: Reflections on systemic-functional contributions. In S. Neumann, R. Wegener, J. Fest, P. Niemietz, & N. Hützen (Eds.), Challenging boundaries in linguistics: Systemic functional perspectives (pp. 457–491). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campoy-Cubillo, M. C. (2019). Functional diversity and the multimodal listening construct. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1581402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campoy-Cubillo, M. C., & Querol-Julián, M. (2015). Assessing multimodal listening. In B. Crawford & I. Fortanet-Gómez (Eds.), Multimodal analysis in academic settings: From research to teaching (pp. 193–212). London/ New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle, C., & Voss, E. (2016). 20 years of technology and language assessment in Language Learning & Technology. Language Learning & Technology, 20(2), 116–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, C., & Donohue, J. (2014). A language as social semiotic-based approach to teaching and learning in higher education. Language Learning, 64-S, 11–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davitti, E., & Pasquandrea, S. (2017). Embodied participation: What multimodal analysis can tell us about interpreter-mediated encounters in pedagogical settings. Journal of Pragmatics, 107, 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.04.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas Fir Group, T. (2016). A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. The Modern Language Journal, 100, 19–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd ed.). New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, J. (2019). Second language listening: Current ideas, current issues. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Benati (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of language learning (pp. 283–319). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, I., Ghani, R., Jarmin, R. S., Kreuter, F., & Lane, J. (Eds.). (2017). Big data and social science: A practical guide to methods and tools. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgakopoulou, A. (2017). ‘Whose context collapse?’: Ethical clashes in the study of language and social media in context. Applied Linguistics Review, 8(2/3), 169. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginther, A. (2002). Context and content visuals and performance on listening comprehension stimuli. Language Testing, 19(2), 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532202lt225oa.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, J. (2014). Meaning-based scoring: A systemic-functional linguistics model for automated test tasks. Hispania, 97(4), 666–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruba, P. (2006). Playing the videotext: A media literacy perspective on video-mediated l2 listening. Language Learning and Technology, 10(2), 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K., revised by Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K., & Webster, J. (Eds.). (2009). Continuum companion to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendy, D. (2013). Noise: A human history of sound and listening. New York: Ecco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, C., & Vanderschelden, I. (Eds.). (2019). Using film and media in the language classroom: Reflections on research-led teaching. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, C. R., & Bublitz, W. (2017). Pragmatics of social media. Berlin: Boston; De Gruyter Mouton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, H.-T., Chiu, Y.-C. J., & Yeh, H.-C. (2013). Multimodal assessment of and for learning: A theory-driven design rubric. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(3), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01337.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Listening Association (ILA). (1995, April). AILA definition of listening. The Listening Post, 53, 1, 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, C. (2005). Multimodality, “reading”, and “writing” for the 21st century. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(3),315–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300500200011.

  • Jewitt, C., Bezemer, J., & O’Halloran, K. (2016). Introducing multimodality. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, R. (2014). Language, literacy, and technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, F., & Ohlhus, S. (2017). Fluency and the integration of semiotic resources in interactional learning processes. Classroom Discourse, 8(2), 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klous, S., & Wielaard, N. (2016). We are Big Data: The future of the information society. Paris: Atlantis Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G. (2009). Assessment in the perspective of a social semiotic theory of multimodal teaching and learning. In C. Wyatt-Smith & J. J. Cumming (Eds.), Educational assessment in the 21st century: Connecting theory and practice (pp. 19–41). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G. (2013). Recognizing learning: A perspective from a social semiotic theory of multimodality. In I. Saint-Georges & J.-J. Weber (Eds.), Multilingualism and multimodality: Current challenges for educational studies (pp. 119–140). Rotterdam: Sense.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G. (2015). Semiotic work: Applied Linguistics and a social semiotic account of multimodality. AILA Review, 28(1), 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.28.03kre.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotherington, H., & Jenson, J. (2011). Teaching multimodal and digital literacy in second language settings: New literacies, new basics, new pedagogies. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 226–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickan, P., & Lopez, E. (Eds.). (2017). Text-based research and teaching: A social semiotic perspective of language in use. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H. V., & Gruba, P. (2019). Construction of risk in government advertising: A case study of Operation Sovereign Borders video advertisement. . Discourse, Context & Media, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.04.004.

  • Norris, S., & Maier, C. D. (Eds.). (2014). Interactions, images and texts: A reader in multimodality. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obaidat, M. S., Traore, I., & Woungang, I. (Eds.). (2019). Biometric-based physical and cybersecurity systems. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oben, B., & Brone, G. (2016). Explaining interactive alignment: A multimodal and multifactorial account. Journal of Pragmatics, 104, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ockey, G. J. (2009). Developments and challenges in the use of computer-based testing for assessing second language ability. The Modern Language Journal, 93, 836–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00976.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olteanu, A. (2019). Multiculturalism as multimodal communication: A semiotic perspective. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, M. (2016). Nonverbal delivery in speaking assessment: From an argument to a rating scale formulation and validation. Singapore: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Révész, A., & Brunfaut, T. (2013). Text characteristics of task input and difficulty in second language listening comprehension. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(1), 31–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rost, M. (2013). Assessing listening ability (Chapter 7). Listening in language learning (pp. 175–221). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, C. (2015). Embodied meaning in audio-visuals: First steps towards a notion of mode. In J. Wildfeuer (Ed.), Building bridges for multimodal research: International perspectives on theories and practices in multimodal analysis (pp. 309–325). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suvorov, R. (2015). The use of eye tracking in research on video-based second language (L2) listening assessment: A comparison of context videos and content videos. Language Testing, 32(4), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532214562099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés, G., Kibler, A., & Walqui, A. (2014). Changes in the expertise of ESL professionals: Knowledge and action in an era of new standards. Available: http://www.tesol.org/docs/default-source/papers-and-briefs/professional-paper-26-march-2014.pdf.

  • van Leeuwen, T. (2005). Introducing social semiotics. London, New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. C. M. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, E. (2013). An investigation of how the channel of input and access to test questions affect L2 listening test performance. Language Assessment Quarterly, 10(2), 178–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, E. (2014). Using unscripted spoken texts in the teaching of second language listening. TESOL Journal, 5(2), 288–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winke P.M. & Isbell D.R. (2017). Computer-assisted language assessment. In: Thorne S., May S. (eds) Language, Education and Technology. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02328-1_25-2.

  • Wong, M. (2019). Multimodal communication: A social semiotic approach to text and image in print and digital media. Cham: Springer International.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • YouTube (2020). YouTube for press. Available: youtube.com/about/press/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravleva, A., de Bot, K., & Haug Hilton, N. (2016). Using social media to measure language use. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(6), 601–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

During my writing of this chapter, Gunther Kress passed away in June 2019. I would like to deeply recognize his significant contribution to multimodal studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Gruba .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gruba, P. (2020). What Does Language Testing Have to Offer to Multimodal Listening?. In: Ockey, G.J., Green, B.A. (eds) Another Generation of Fundamental Considerations in Language Assessment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8952-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8952-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8951-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8952-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics