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Agroecological Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System pp 365–396Cite as

Opportunities, Challenges, and Ecological Footprint of Sustaining Small Ruminant Production in the Changing Climate Scenario

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Abstract

The livestock sector has evolved enormously over time. The livestock sector not only supports a vast proportion of individuals across the globe; it also ensures food security. Erratically varying climatic conditions along with population growth are leading to serious competition for land and other natural resources. These factors will hamper global livestock production; amidst this chaos, the small ruminant industry is emerging as a sustainable source of farming. The small ruminant sector is known for its efficiency in producing quality products while using limited resources, its adaptability across various agro-ecological zones, its resilience to climate change, and its minimal eco-footprint. Small ruminants have a higher global average carbon footprint for milk production than cattle and buffalo (6.5 vs 2.8 and 3.4 CO2eq. per kg of milk, respectively), while meat production from small ruminants has a lower carbon footprint than cattle and buffalo (23.8 vs 46.2 and 53.4 kg of CO2eq./kg of carcass weight). The accuracy of genomic prediction for thermo-tolerance by GS was predicted to be between 0.42 and 0.61 using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Despite this, small ruminant farming (sheep and goats) has not received its due recognition and is facing a threat due to climate change. Implementation of efficient ameliorative, adaptation, and mitigation strategies will have a positive impact on the sustainability of small ruminant production. In addition to this, it is of utmost importance to focus on improved breeding strategies, such as selection for adaptation and low methane emission traits, in addition to productivity traits. These breeding strategies will aid in the development of climate-resilient small ruminant breeds, which can produce efficiently across various regions and at the same time have minimal impact on ecosystems.

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Abbreviations

BAL:

Balusha sheep

BAR:

Bardhoka sheep

BCS:

Body condition score

CP:

Crude protein

DGAT1 :

Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1

ESTR :

Estradiol receptor

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP:

Gross domestic production

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

GHR :

Growth hormone receptor

GS:

Genomic selection

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

IGF-1 :

Insulin-like growth factor-1

K+:

Potassium ion

K2CO3:

Potassium carbonate

KHCO3:

Potassium bicarbonate

KOS:

Kosova sheep

LEP :

Leptin

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

Na+:

Sodium ion

NaHCO3:

Sodium bicarbonate

NDF:

Neutral detergent fiber

NH3:

Ammonia

NRC:

National Research Council

PLR :

Prolactin receptor

Se:

Selenium

SHA:

Sharri sheep

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

THI:

Temperature-humidity index

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    V. Sejian, M. V. Silpa, G. Krishnan, C. Devaraj, M. Bagath, M. R. Reshma Nair & R. Bhatta

  2. Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany

    M. V. Silpa

  3. School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia

    Angela M. Lees

  4. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    J. P. Anisha

  5. Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    M. R. Reshma Nair

  6. Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India

    A. Manimaran

  7. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia

    J. B. Gaughan

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  1. V. Sejian
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Arnab Banerjee

  2. Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Manoj Kumar Jhariya

  4. Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Dhiraj Kumar Yadav

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Sejian, V. et al. (2021). Opportunities, Challenges, and Ecological Footprint of Sustaining Small Ruminant Production in the Changing Climate Scenario. In: Banerjee, A., Meena, R.S., Jhariya, M.K., Yadav, D.K. (eds) Agroecological Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9496-0_12

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