Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide, a small molecule, produced by endogenous enzymes, such as CTH, CBS, and MPST using L-cysteine as substrates, has been reported to have numerous protective effects. However, the key problem that the target of H2S and how it can affect the structure and activity of biological molecules is still unknown. Till now, there are two main theories of its working mechanism. One is that H2S can modify the free thiol in cysteine to produce the persulfide state of the thiol and the sulfhydration of cysteine can significantly change the structure and activity of target proteins. The other theory is that H2S, as an antioxidant molecule, can directly break the disulfide bond in target proteins, and the persulfide state of thiol can be an intermediate product during the reaction. Both phenomena exit for no doubt since they are both supported by large amounts of experiments. Here, we will summarize both theories and try to discuss which one is the more effective or direct mechanism for H2S and what is the relationship between them. Therefore, we will discover more protein targets of H2S with the mechanism and understand more about the effect of this small molecule.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Castelblanco M, Nasi S, Pasch A, So A, Busso N (2020) The role of the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide in pathological calcification. Br J Pharmacol 177:778–792
Distrutti E, Sediari L, Mencarelli A, Renga B, Orlandi S, Antonelli E, Roviezzo F, Morelli A, Cirino G, Wallace JL, Fiorucci S (2006) Evidence that hydrogen sulfide exerts antinociceptive effects in the gastrointestinal tract by activating KATP channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316:325–335
Kimura H (2020) Signalling by hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides via protein S-sulfuration. Br J Pharmacol 177:720–733
Kimura H, Shibuya N, Kimura Y (2012) Hydrogen sulfide is a signaling molecule and a cytoprotectant. Antioxid Redox Signal 17:45–57
Li L, Rose P, Moore PK (2011) Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 51:169–187
Li H, Xu F, Gao G, Gao X, Wu B, Zheng C, Wang P, Li Z, Hua H, Li D (2020) Hydrogen sulfide and its donors: novel antitumor and antimetastatic therapies for triple-negative breast cancer. Redox Biol 34:101564
Mani S, Untereiner A, Wu L, Wang R (2014) Hydrogen sulfide and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 20:805–817
Patnana M, Menias CO, Pickhardt PJ, Elshikh M, Javadi S, Gaballah A, Shaaban AM, Korivi BR, Garg N, Elsayes KM (2018) Liver calcifications and calcified liver masses: pattern recognition approach on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 211:76–86
Wang R (2012) Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 92:791–896
Wu D, Wang J, Li H, Xue M, Ji A, Li Y (2015) Role of hydrogen sulfide in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2015:186908
Zhu XY, Liu SJ, Liu YJ, Wang S, Ni X (2010) Glucocorticoids suppress cystathionine gamma-lyase expression and H2S production in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci 67:1119–1132
Zhao W, Zhang J, Lu Y, Wang R (2001) The vasorelaxant effect of H(2)S as a novel endogenous gaseous K(ATP) channel opener. EMBO J 20:6008–6016
Shi YX, Chen Y, Zhu YZ, Huang GY, Moore PK, Huang SH, Yao T, Zhu YC (2007) Chronic sodium hydrosulfide treatment decreases medial thickening of intramyocardial coronary arterioles, interstitial fibrosis, and ROS production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H2093–H2100
Yan H, Du J, Tang C (2004) The possible role of hydrogen sulfide on the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313:22–27
Geng B, Chang L, Pan C, Qi Y, Zhao J, Pang Y, Du J, Tang C (2004) Endogenous hydrogen sulfide regulation of myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 318:756–763
Chuah SC, Moore PK, Zhu YZ (2007) S-allylcysteine mediates cardioprotection in an acute myocardial infarction rat model via a hydrogen sulfide-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H2693–H2701
Cai WJ, Wang MJ, Moore PK, Jin HM, Yao T, Zhu YC (2007) The novel proangiogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide is dependent on Akt phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 76:29–40
Abdollahi GA, Toro G, Szaniszlo P, Pavlidou A, Bibli SI, Thanki K, Resto VA, Chao C, Hellmich MR, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A, Modis K (2020) 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase supports endothelial cell angiogenesis and bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol 177:866–883
Bir SC, Kolluru GK, McCarthy P, Shen X, Pardue S, Pattillo CB, Kevil CG (2012) Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis. J Am Heart Assoc 1:e4093
van den Born JC, Mencke R, Conroy S, Zeebregts CJ, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL (2016) Cystathionine gamma-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis. Sci Rep 6:34608
Coletta C, Papapetropoulos A, Erdelyi K, Olah G, Modis K, Panopoulos P, Asimakopoulou A, Gero D, Sharina I, Martin E, Szabo C (2012) Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide are mutually dependent in the regulation of angiogenesis and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:9161–9166
Coletta C, Modis K, Szczesny B, Brunyanszki A, Olah G, Rios EC, Yanagi K, Ahmad A, Papapetropoulos A, Szabo C (2015) Regulation of vascular tone, angiogenesis and cellular bioenergetics by the 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase/H2S pathway: functional impairment by hyperglycemia and restoration by DL-alpha-lipoic acid. Mol Med 21:1–14
Jang H, Oh MY, Kim YJ, Choi IY, Yang HS, Ryu WS, Lee SH, Yoon BW (2014) Hydrogen sulfide treatment induces angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 92:1520–1528
Katsouda A, Bibli SI, Pyriochou A, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A (2016) Regulation and role of endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide in angiogenesis. Pharmacol Res 113:175–185
Kohn C, Dubrovska G, Huang Y, Gollasch M (2012) Hydrogen sulfide: potent regulator of vascular tone and stimulator of angiogenesis. Int J Biomed Sci 8:81–86
Papapetropoulos A, Pyriochou A, Altaany Z, Yang G, Marazioti A, Zhou Z, Jeschke MG, Branski LK, Herndon DN, Wang R, Szabo C (2009) Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous stimulator of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:21972–21977
Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A (2011) Hydrogen sulphide and angiogenesis: mechanisms and applications. Br J Pharmacol 164:853–865
Szabo C, Coletta C, Chao C, Modis K, Szczesny B, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR (2013) Tumor-derived hydrogen sulfide, produced by cystathionine-beta-synthase, stimulates bioenergetics, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis in colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:12474–12479
Wang MJ, Cai WJ, Li N, Ding YJ, Chen Y, Zhu YC (2010) The hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS promotes angiogenesis in a rat model of hind limb ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 12:1065–1077
Wang M, Yan J, Cao X, Hua P, Li Z (2020) Hydrogen sulfide modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer via HIF-1alpha activation. Biochem Pharmacol 172:113775
Zhen Y, Pan W, Hu F, Wu H, Feng J, Zhang Y, Chen J (2015) Exogenous hydrogen sulfide exerts proliferation/anti-apoptosis/angiogenesis/migration effects via amplifying the activation of NF-kappaB pathway in PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol 46:2194–2204
Zhou Y, Li XH, Zhang CC, Wang MJ, Xue WL, Wu DD, Ma FF, Li WW, Tao BB, Zhu YC (2016) Hydrogen sulfide promotes angiogenesis by downregulating miR-640 via the VEGFR2/mTOR pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 310:C305–C317
Mustafa AK, Gadalla MM, Sen N, Kim S, Mu W, Gazi SK, Barrow RK, Yang G, Wang R, Snyder SH (2009) H2S signals through protein S-sulfhydration. Sci Signal 2:a72
Tao BB, Liu SY, Zhang CC, Fu W, Cai WJ, Wang Y, Shen Q, Wang MJ, Chen Y, Zhang LJ, Zhu YZ, Zhu YC (2013) VEGFR2 functions as an H2S-targeting receptor protein kinase with its novel Cys1045-Cys1024 disulfide bond serving as a specific molecular switch for hydrogen sulfide actions in vascular endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 19:448–464
Xue R, Hao DD, Sun JP, Li WW, Zhao MM, Li XH, Chen Y, Zhu JH, Ding YJ, Liu J, Zhu YC (2013) Hydrogen sulfide treatment promotes glucose uptake by increasing insulin receptor sensitivity and ameliorates kidney lesions in type 2 diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 19:5–23
Ge SN, Zhao MM, Wu DD, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhu JH, Cai WJ, Zhu YZ, Zhu YC (2014) Hydrogen sulfide targets EGFR Cys797/Cys798 residues to induce Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase endocytosis and inhibition in renal tubular epithelial cells and increase sodium excretion in chronic salt-loaded rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 21:2061–2082
Paul BD, Snyder SH (2012) H(2)S signalling through protein sulfhydration and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13:499–507
Filipovic MR (2015) Persulfidation (S-sulfhydration) and H2S. Handb Exp Pharmacol 230:29–59
Meng G, Zhao S, Xie L, Han Y, Ji Y (2018) Protein S-sulfhydration by hydrogen sulfide in cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 175:1146–1156
Paul BD, Snyder SH (2018) Gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide signaling in neuronal health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 149:101–109
Jaffrey SR, Snyder SH (2001) The biotin switch method for the detection of S-nitrosylated proteins. Sci STKE 2001:l1
Nishida M, Sawa T, Kitajima N, Ono K, Inoue H, Ihara H, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M, Suematsu M, Kurose H, van der Vliet A, Freeman BA, Shibata T, Uchida K, Kumagai Y, Akaike T (2012) Hydrogen sulfide anion regulates redox signaling via electrophile sulfhydration. Nat Chem Biol 8:714–724
Yang G, Zhao K, Ju Y, Mani S, Cao Q, Puukila S, Khaper N, Wu L, Wang R (2013) Hydrogen sulfide protects against cellular senescence via S-sulfhydration of Keap1 and activation of Nrf2. Antioxid Redox Signal 18:1906–1919
Sen N, Paul BD, Gadalla MM, Mustafa AK, Sen T, Xu R, Kim S, Snyder SH (2012) Hydrogen sulfide-linked sulfhydration of NF-kappaB mediates its antiapoptotic actions. Mol Cell 45:13–24
Cheung SH, Lau J (2018) Hydrogen sulfide mediates athero-protection against oxidative stress via S-sulfhydration. PLoS One 13:e194176
Cai J, Shi X, Wang H, Fan J, Feng Y, Lin X, Yang J, Cui Q, Tang C, Xu G, Geng B (2016) Cystathionine gamma lyase-hydrogen sulfide increases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity by sulfhydration at C139 site thereby promoting glucose uptake and lipid storage in adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1861:419–429
Du C, Lin X, Xu W, Zheng F, Cai J, Yang J, Cui Q, Tang C, Cai J, Xu G, Geng B (2019) Sulfhydrated Sirtuin-1 increasing its deacetylation activity is an essential epigenetics mechanism of anti-atherogenesis by hydrogen sulfide. Antioxid Redox Signal 30:184–197
Modis K, Ju Y, Ahmad A, Untereiner AA, Altaany Z, Wu L, Szabo C, Wang R (2016) S-Sulfhydration of ATP synthase by hydrogen sulfide stimulates mitochondrial bioenergetics. Pharmacol Res 113:116–124
Zhang D, Macinkovic I, Devarie-Baez NO, Pan J, Park CM, Carroll KS, Filipovic MR, Xian M (2014) Detection of protein S-sulfhydration by a tag-switch technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53:575–581
Meng G, Xiao Y, Ma Y, Tang X, Xie L, Liu J, Gu Y, Yu Y, Park CM, Xian M, Wang X, Ferro A, Wang R, Moore PK, Zhang Z, Wang H, Han Y, Ji Y (2016) Hydrogen sulfide regulates Kruppel-like factor 5 transcription activity via specificity protein 1 S-Sulfhydration at Cys664 to prevent myocardial hypertrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 5:e004160
Paul BD, Snyder SH (2015a) Protein sulfhydration. Methods Enzymol 555:79–90
Saha S, Chakraborty PK, Xiong X, Dwivedi SK, Mustafi SB, Leigh NR, Ramchandran R, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R (2016) Cystathionine beta-synthase regulates endothelial function via protein S-sulfhydration. FASEB J 30:441–456
Zhao K, Ju Y, Li S, Altaany Z, Wang R, Yang G (2014) S-sulfhydration of MEK1 leads to PARP-1 activation and DNA damage repair. EMBO Rep 15:792–800
Xie ZZ, Shi MM, Xie L, Wu ZY, Li G, Hua F, Bian JS (2014) Sulfhydration of p66Shc at cysteine59 mediates the antioxidant effect of hydrogen sulfide. Antioxid Redox Signal 21:2531–2542
Boivin B, Zhang S, Arbiser JL, Zhang ZY, Tonks NK (2008) A modified cysteinyl-labeling assay reveals reversible oxidation of protein tyrosine phosphatases in angiomyolipoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:9959–9964
Krishnan N, Fu C, Pappin DJ, Tonks NK (2011) H2S-induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Sci Signal 4:a86
Shimizu Y, Polavarapu R, Eskla KL, Nicholson CK, Koczor CA, Wang R, Lewis W, Shiva S, Lefer DJ, Calvert JW (2018) Hydrogen sulfide regulates cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis via the activation of AMPK. J Mol Cell Cardiol 116:29–40
Yang Y, Shi W, Chen X, Cui N, Konduru AS, Shi Y, Trower TC, Zhang S, Jiang C (2011) Molecular basis and structural insight of vascular K(ATP) channel gating by S-glutathionylation. J Biol Chem 286:9298–9307
Sun X, Zhao D, Lu F, Peng S, Yu M, Liu N, Sun Y, Du H, Wang B, Chen J, Dong S, Lu F, Zhang W (2020) Hydrogen sulfide regulates muscle RING finger-1 protein S-sulfhydration at Cys(44) to prevent cardiac structural damage in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Br J Pharmacol 177:836–856
Yu M, Du H, Wang B, Chen J, Lu F, Peng S, Sun Y, Liu N, Sun X, Shiyun D, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhao D, Lu F, Zhang W (2020) Exogenous H2S induces Hrd1 S-sulfhydration and prevents CD36 translocation via VAMP3 Ubiquitylation in diabetic hearts. Aging Dis 11:286–300
Bibli SI, Hu J, Sigala F, Wittig I, Heidler J, Zukunft S, Tsilimigras DI, Randriamboavonjy V, Wittig J, Kojonazarov B, Schurmann C, Siragusa M, Siuda D, Luck B, Abdel MR, Filis KA, Zografos G, Chen C, Wang DW, Pfeilschifter J, Brandes RP, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A, Fleming I (2019) Cystathionine gamma Lyase Sulfhydrates the RNA binding protein human antigen R to preserve endothelial cell function and delay Atherogenesis. Circulation 139:101–114
Aroca A, Serna A, Gotor C, Romero LC (2015) S-sulfhydration: a cysteine posttranslational modification in plant systems. Plant Physiol 168:334–342
Pan J, Carroll KS (2013) Persulfide reactivity in the detection of protein s-sulfhydration. ACS Chem Biol 8:1110–1116
Sen N (2017) Functional and molecular insights of hydrogen sulfide signaling and protein sulfhydration. J Mol Biol 429:543–561
Paul BD, Snyder SH (2015b) H2S: a novel gasotransmitter that signals by sulfhydration. Trends Biochem Sci 40:687–700
Reisz JA, Bechtold E, King SB, Poole LB, Furdui CM (2013) Thiol-blocking electrophiles interfere with labeling and detection of protein sulfenic acids. FEBS J 280:6150–6161
Park CM, Macinkovic I, Filipovic MR, Xian M (2015) Use of the “tag-switch” method for the detection of protein S-sulfhydration. Methods Enzymol 555:39–56
Wedmann R, Onderka C, Wei S, Szijarto IA, Miljkovic JL, Mitrovic A, Lange M, Savitsky S, Yadav PK, Torregrossa R, Harrer EG, Harrer T, Ishii I, Gollasch M, Wood ME, Galardon E, Xian M, Whiteman M, Banerjee R, Filipovic MR (2016) Improved tag-switch method reveals that thioredoxin acts as depersulfidase and controls the intracellular levels of protein persulfidation. Chem Sci 7:3414–3426
Gao XH, Krokowski D, Guan BJ, Bederman I, Majumder M, Parisien M, Diatchenko L, Kabil O, Willard B, Banerjee R, Wang B, Bebek G, Evans CR, Fox PL, Gerson SL, Hoppel CL, Liu M, Arvan P, Hatzoglou M (2015) Quantitative H2S-mediated protein sulfhydration reveals metabolic reprogramming during the integrated stress response. elife 4:e10067
Zivanovic J, Kouroussis E, Kohl JB, Adhikari B, Bursac B, Schott-Roux S, Petrovic D, Miljkovic JL, Thomas-Lopez D, Jung Y, Miler M, Mitchell S, Milosevic V, Gomes JE, Benhar M, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I, Torregrossa R, Mitchell JR, Whiteman M, Schwarz G, Snyder SH, Paul BD, Carroll KS, Filipovic MR (2019) Selective Persulfide detection reveals evolutionarily conserved antiaging effects of S-Sulfhydration. Cell Metab 30:1152–1170
Hubbard SR (1999) Structural analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 71:343–358
Zhang X, Gureasko J, Shen K, Cole PA, Kuriyan J (2006) An allosteric mechanism for activation of the kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cell 125:1137–1149
Hubbard SR, Wei L, Ellis L, Hendrickson WA (1994) Crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor. Nature 372:746–754
Feese MD, Tamada T, Kato Y, Maeda Y, Hirose M, Matsukura Y, Shigematsu H, Muto T, Matsumoto A, Watarai H, Ogami K, Tahara T, Kato T, Miyazaki H, Kuroki R (2004) Structure of the receptor-binding domain of human thrombopoietin determined by complexation with a neutralizing antibody fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1816–1821
Zhou W, Qian Y, Kunjilwar K, Pfaffinger PJ, Choe S (2004) Structural insights into the functional interaction of KChIP1 with Shal-type K(+) channels. Neuron 41:573–586
Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S (2002) The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 298:1912–1934
Du Z, Lovly CM (2018) Mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer. Mol Cancer 17:58
Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J (2010) Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141:1117–1134
Liu HD, Zhang AJ, Xu JJ, Chen Y, Zhu YC (2016) H2S protects against fatal myelosuppression by promoting the generation of megakaryocytes/platelets. J Hematol Oncol 9:13
Sun YG, Cao YX, Wang WW, Ma SF, Yao T, Zhu YC (2008) Hydrogen sulphide is an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels and mechanical contraction in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 79:632–641
Johansen D, Ytrehus K, Baxter GF (2006) Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects against regional myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury--evidence for a role of K ATP channels. Basic Res Cardiol 101:53–60
Elies J, Scragg JL, Huang S, Dallas ML, Huang D, MacDougall D, Boyle JP, Gamper N, Peers C (2014) Hydrogen sulfide inhibits Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels. FASEB J 28:5376–5387
Noctor G, Foyer CH (2016) Intracellular redox compartmentation and ROS-related communication in regulation and signaling. Plant Physiol 171:1581–1592
Li Z, Polhemus DJ, Lefer DJ (2018) Evolution of hydrogen sulfide therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 123:590–600
Li L, Whiteman M, Guan YY, Neo KL, Cheng Y, Lee SW, Zhao Y, Baskar R, Tan CH, Moore PK (2008) Characterization of a novel, water-soluble hydrogen sulfide-releasing molecule (GYY4137): new insights into the biology of hydrogen sulfide. Circulation 117:2351–2360
Feng W, Teo XY, Novera W, Ramanujulu PM, Liang D, Huang D, Moore PK, Deng LW, Dymock BW (2015) Discovery of new H2S releasing Phosphordithioates and 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-2-sulfanylenebenzo[d][1,3,2]oxazaphospholes with improved antiproliferative activity. J Med Chem 58:6456–6480
Kondo K, Bhushan S, King AL, Prabhu SD, Hamid T, Koenig S, Murohara T, Predmore BL, Gojon GS, Gojon GJ, Wang R, Karusula N, Nicholson CK, Calvert JW, Lefer DJ (2013) H(2)S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 127:1116–1127
Kan J, Guo W, Huang C, Bao G, Zhu Y, Zhu YZ (2014) S-propargyl-cysteine, a novel water-soluble modulator of endogenous hydrogen sulfide, promotes angiogenesis through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Antioxid Redox Signal 20:2303–2316
Pan LL, Liu XH, Gong QH, Zhu YZ (2011) S-Propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in H9c2 cells involved in a hydrogen sulfide-dependent mechanism. Amino Acids 41:205–215
Wu D, Hu Q, Tan B, Rose P, Zhu D, Zhu YZ (2018) Amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure through S-sulfhydration of ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Redox Biol 19:250–262
Wen YD, Wang H, Zhu YZ (2018) The drug developments of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular disease. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2018:4010395
Kang DH, Lee DJ, Lee KW, Park YS, Lee JY, Lee SH, Koh YJ, Koh GY, Choi C, Yu DY, Kim J, Kang SW (2011) Peroxiredoxin II is an essential antioxidant enzyme that prevents the oxidative inactivation of VEGF receptor-2 in vascular endothelial cells. Mol Cell 44:545–558
Wedmann R, Bertlein S, Macinkovic I, Boltz S, Miljkovic J, Munoz LE, Herrmann M, Filipovic MR (2014) Working with "H2S": facts and apparent artifacts. Nitric Oxide 41:85–96
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the funding of innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai and a key laboratory program of the Education Commission of Shanghai Municipality (ZDSYS14005 to Yi-Chun Zhu). This work was supported by Ying Chen (Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Fudan University) in sketch drawing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tao, BB., Zhu, YC. (2021). A Common Molecular Switch for H2S to Regulate Multiple Protein Targets. In: Zhu, YC. (eds) Advances in Hydrogen Sulfide Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1315. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-0990-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-0991-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)