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Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines

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Modelling Diesel Combustion

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Abstract

To contrast the phenomenon of HC formation in a diesel and a spark-ignition engine, a chapter is included on the latter. The absorption and desorption of fuel by cylinder lubricating oil films have been modelled using principles of mass transfer in this chapter. Henry’s law for a dilute solution of fuel in oil is used to relate gas to liquid-phase fuel concentrations. Mass transfer conductances in gas and liquid phases are considered, the former via the use of Reynolds’s analogy to engine heat transfer data, the latter through assuming molecular diffusion through an effective penetration depth of the oil film. Oxidation of desorbed fuel is assumed complete if the mean of burned gas and lubricating oil film temperatures is greater than 100 K. Below this value, the desorbed fuel is considered to contribute to hydrocarbon emissions. Comparison with engine test data corroborates the absorption/desorption hypothesis. The model indicates the equal importance of gas and liquid-phase conductance.

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Abbreviations

A :

Surface area of the region (m2)

A v :

Flow area (m2)

C :

Bulk gas state; charge condition at any instant (–)

C d :

Coefficient of discharge (–)

D :

Molecular diffusion coefficient for the oil film (m2/s)

dAij/dt:

Rate of change in the area of the region i due to changes in the boundaries of adjacent regions. (m2/s)

dmi/dt:

Rate of change of the fuel content of region i (kg/s)

Δt:

Time interval (s)

e and v :

Specific internal energy and volume (J/kg, m3/kg)

E σ :

Instantaneous internal energy of the cylinder contents (J)

F :

Bulk of the oil film (–)

f i :

Mass fraction of specie i (–)

G :

Bulk gas state (–)

g F * :

Liquid-phase mass transfer conductance (kg/(m2 s))

g G * :

Gas-phase mass transfer conductance (kg/(m2 s))

H C :

Henry constant (–)

m σ :

Instantaneous mass of the cylinder contents (kg)

\(\dot{m}\prime\) :

Convective mass flux (kg/(m2s))

\(-\dot{m}\prime\) :

Desorption results (kg/(m2s))

L :

Liquid side of the interface (–)

m c :

Mass of gas trapped (kg)

m fFi :

Mass fraction of fuel in oil in the region i (–)

mfg and mfs:

Mass concentrations of fuel vapour in the bulk gas state (G) and on the gas side of the interface (S) (–)

mfL and mfF:

Mass concentrations of the dissolved fuel on the liquid side of the interface (L) and in the bulk of the oil film (F) (–)

mfs and mfL:

Mass fractions of fuel vapour in the gas phase and dissolved into the oil layer, respectively (–)

mi and hi:

Mass and specific enthalpy of specie i, (fuel, air, or burned gas) ()

M O :

Molecular weights of oil and the charge gas mixture (kg/kmol)

N :

Engine speed (rpm)

n fL :

Mole fraction of the fuel dissolved in the oil film (–)

N Hc :

Henry number (–)

P :

Prevailing pressure in a cylinder (Pa)

P fs :

Partial pressure of the fuel vapour in the gas phase adjacent to the interface S state (Pa)

P tot :

Total instantaneous cylinder pressure (bar)

P v :

Density (kg/m3)

θ :

Crank angle (degree)

Q :

Heat transfer (J)

ρ o :

Density of the oil layer (kg/m3)

Z o :

Thickness of the oil layer (m)

S :

Gas side of the interface (–)

S :

Oil film gas-phase interface (–)

T w :

Temperature of the wall (K)

U v :

Velocity the valve, a function of the pressure drop across the valve and upstream pressure (m/s)

V :

Crevice volume, calculated from the crevice gap, x (x assumed to be constant) (m3)

w :

Work transfer (J)

x :

Crevice gap (m)

δ :

Fuel penetration depth of in a semi-infinite slab of oil (m

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    P. A. Lakshminarayanan

  2. Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, Pune, India

    Yogesh V. Aghav

Authors
  1. P. A. Lakshminarayanan
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  2. Yogesh V. Aghav
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Correspondence to P. A. Lakshminarayanan .

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Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Aghav, Y.V. (2022). Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines. In: Modelling Diesel Combustion. Mechanical Engineering Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6742-8_12

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