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Before Fieldwork: Textual and Visual Stereotypes of Indigenous Peoples and the Emergence of World Ethnography in Hungary in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries

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Abstract

This chapter explores the emergence of a discourse on world ethnography in the Kingdom of Hungary between the late seventeenth and the early nineteenth century. The author regards archives as a ″field″ for a historian of anthropology and elaborates on three main points: first, the principal agents of the so-called ″world ethnography″ in local, Jesuit, Lutheran, and Calvinist contexts; second, the respective historical sources that resulted from their work, i.e., missionary accounts, travelogues, (school)books of geography, and (school)books of natural history; and third, cultural stereotypes occuring in both texts and images, and relating to non-European indigenous peoples, for example, those of America, Asia, and Oceania. Examining the rise of global ethnography in Hungary as an entangled history, this chapter presents three detailed examples of the representation of indigenous peoples: demonization, hierarchization/barbarization, and exoticization. Demonstrating the Eurocentric background of Enlightenment ideas like that of savagery – barbarism – civilization, the chapter analyzes stereotypes relating to American Indians, Asian peoples (especially, the Chinese and the Samoyed), Polar peoples (the Greenland Inuit and the Sámi), and the Aborigins of Australia and Oceania.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by a four-year grant from the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office for the years 2016–2020: No NKFIH 11957, A tudományos tudás áramlásának mintázatai Magyarországon, 1770–1830 [The Circulation of Scholarly Knowledge in Hungary, 1770–1830]. Earlier versions of this text were presented at two conferences: firstly, at the Representations of Indigenous Peoples of the Asian Peripheries of the Russian Empire (Northern and Inner Asia) in the Legacies of Travelers from Austro-Hungary workshop held at the Institut für Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie at the University of Vienna on 22–23 February 2017; and secondly, at the biennial Staying, Moving, Settling conference of the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) conference in the History of Anthropology Network (HOAN) session held in Stockholm on 16 August 2018. A considerably shorter version of this study appeared as Sz. Kristóf (2019). The English of the paper was revised by Thomas A. Williams.

The chapter is based on the author’s own research, which was conducted in various archives in Budapest, Hungary, such as the University Library of Eötvös Loránd University which is a descendant and successor of the ancient library of the Jesuit academy of Nagyszombat/Trnava (in today’s Slovakia), founded in 1635, the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1826, and the National Széchenyi Library, Budapest.

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  1. Institute of Ethnology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

    Ildikó S. Kristóf

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  1. Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    David McCallum

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  1. Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Bican Polat

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Kristóf, I.S. (2022). Before Fieldwork: Textual and Visual Stereotypes of Indigenous Peoples and the Emergence of World Ethnography in Hungary in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries. In: McCallum, D. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7255-2_107

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