Abstract
Cold stress can lead to major crop losses. In natural ecosystems, there are several inputs of soil nitrogen. Even though our atmosphere consists of nearly 80% of N2, it is the limiting element in most ecosystems. Bio-available nitrogen can enter an ecosystem via atmospheric nitrogen deposition, mostly in the form of ammonium and nitrogen oxides. Larger input of nitrogen comes from nitrogen fixed by microorganisms, called diazotrophs. Nitrogen input from legumes can be a sustainable source of nitrogen in agricultural systems. The symbiotic microorganisms in the root nodules, the rhizobia, can take up gaseous di-nitrogen from the air and “fix” the nitrogen into molecules that can be assimilated by the plant. In return, the plant provides the rhizobia with a carbon source in the form of di-carboxylic acids. The enzyme responsible for the nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, is irreversibly damaged when exposed to oxygen. The use of nitrogen from soil by plants involves several steps, including uptake, assimilation, translocation, and, when the plant is aging, recycling and remobilization. Although generally low, soil nitrogen availability can fluctuate greatly in both space and time due to factors such as precipitation, temperature, wind, soil type, and pH. Therefore, the preferred form in which nitrogen is taken up depends on plant adaptation to soil conditions. Generally, plants adapted to low pH and reducing soils as found in mature forests or arctic tundra tend to take up ammonium or amino acids, whereas plants adapted to higher pH and more aerobic soils prefer nitrate. Nitrate is easily transported in the plant and can be assimilated both in leaves and roots. The partitioning of nitrate reduction between roots and shoots may vary with plant species, age, and environmental factors. After nitrate reduction, nitrite is translocated to the chloroplast, where it is reduced to ammonium by the second enzyme of the pathway, the nitrite reductase. Ammonium, originating from nitrate reduction, and also from photorespiration or amino acid recycling, is mainly assimilated in the plastid/chloroplast by the so-called GS/GOGAT.
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Bhattacharya, A. (2022). Low-Temperature Stress and Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants: A Review. In: Physiological Processes in Plants Under Low Temperature Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9037-2_4
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