Abstract
Not only the central nervous system can produce dopamine (DA), the gastrointestinal tract is also an important source of DA, such as gastric mucosa and pancreas. Additionally, colonic lumen also contains substantial DA. The rapid degradation of DA ensures its proper function in various locations in the body. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are the main metabolic enzymes of DA and are widely distributed in the gut. The altered contents or activities of these enzymes could cause the changes of DA levels in the gut, thereby might be correlated to some gastrointestinal disorders. Although the function and degradation of luminal DA are still unknown, a number of studies have reported that gut microbiota is involved in the progress of many diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides, the relationship between luminal DA and gut microbiome has been reported. In the present chapter, we focus on the sources and metabolism of gut DA, the distribution and function of MAO and COMT in various regions of gut, as well as the relationship among gut microbiome, luminal DA, and gastrointestinal disorders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- 3-MT:
-
3-methoxytyramine
- CD:
-
Crohn’s disease
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COMT:
-
Catechol-O-methyltransferase
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- DAT:
-
DA transporter
- DDC:
-
DOPA decarboxylase
- DOPAC:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
- DOPAL:
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
- ENS:
-
Enteric nervous system
- GF:
-
Germ-free
- GFAP:
-
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- HDC:
-
Histidine decarboxylase
- HVA:
-
Homovanillic acid
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- IBS:
-
Irritable bowel syndrome
- MAO:
-
Monoamine oxidase
- α-MDL:
-
α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride
- MPP+:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine
- MPTP:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-teterahydropyridine
- NF:
-
Neurofilament
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- SCFA:
-
Short-chain fatty acid
- SN:
-
Substantia nigra
- SPF:
-
Specific pathogen-free
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- UC:
-
Ulcerative colitis
References
Aho V, Pereira P, Voutilainen S, Paulin L, Pekkonen E, Auvinen P, Scheperjans F (2019) Gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease: temporal stability and relations to disease progression. EBioMedicine 44:691–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.064
Akopian AA, Arutiunian MV, Agavelian AM (1994) The role of monoamine oxidase in large intestine pathology. Vopr Med Khim 40:54–57
Anderson G, Noorian AR, Taylor G, Anitha M, Bernhard D, Srinivasan S, Greene JG (2007) Loss of enteric dopaminergic neurons and associated changes in colon motility in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 207:4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.05.010
Asano Y, Hiramoto T, Nishino R, Aiba Y, Kimura T, Yoshihara K, Koga Y, Sudo N (2012) Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303:G1288–G1295. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2012
Barichella M, Severgnini M, Cilia R, Cassani E, Bolliri C, Caronni S, Ferri V, Cancello R, Ceccarani C, Faierman S, Pinelli G, De Bellis G, Zecca L, Cereda E, Consolandi C, Pezzoli G (2019) Unraveling gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonism. Mov Disord 34:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27581
Barko PC, McMichael MA, Swanson KS, Williams DA (2018) The gastrointestinal microbiome: a review. J Vet Intern Med 32:9–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14875
Barry MK, Aloisi JD, Pickering SP, Yeo CJ (1994) Luminal adrenergic agents modulate ileal transport: discrimination between alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors. Am J Surg 167:156–162
Barry MK, Maher MM, Gontarek JD, Jimenez RE, Yeo CJ (1995) Luminal dopamine modulates canine ileal water and electrolyte transport. Dig Dis Sci 40:1738–1743
Bartl J, Muller T, Grunblatt E, Gerlach M, Riederer P (2014) Chronic monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor treatment blocks monoamine oxidase-a enzyme activity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 121:379–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-013-1120-z
Beck G, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C, Schulte J, van Ackern K, van der Woude FJ, Yard BA (2004) Clinical review: immunomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 8:485–491. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2879
Bedarf JR, Hildebrand F, Coelho LP, Sunagawa S, Bahram M, Goeser F, Bork P, Wullner U (2017) Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naive Parkinson’s disease patients. Genome Med 9(39). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-017-0428-y
Bergquist J, Tarkowski A, Ekman R, Ewing A (1994) Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:12912–12916
Billett EE (2004) Monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human peripheral tissues. Neurotoxicology 25:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00094-9
Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt MH, Chirilineau D, Stocchi F, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Forrest E, Rice P, Anand R (2014) Two-year, randomized, controlled study of safinamide as add-on to levodopa in mid to late Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 29:1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25961
Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC (2008) Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:1527–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2008.06.002
Cattaneo C, Jost WH, Bonizzoni E (2019) Long-term efficacy of safinamide on symptoms severity and quality of life in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease patients. J Parkinsons Dis. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191765
Chong PP, Chin VK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Madhavan P, Yong VC (2019) The microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome - a review on the pathophysiology, current research and future therapy. Front Microbiol 10:1136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136
Christensen NJ, Brandsborg O (1974) Dopamine in human gastric juice determined by a sensitive double-isotope-derivative technique Scand. J Clin Lab Invest 34:315–320
Cosentino M, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Marino F, Rasini E, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Boveri M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (2000) HPLC-ED measurement of endogenous catecholamines in human immune cells and hematopoietic cell lines. Life Sci 68:283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00937-1
Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Bombelli R, Carcano E, Saporiti F, Meloni F, Marino F, Lecchini S (2007) Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop. Blood 109:632–642. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-01-028423
Cote M, Drouin-Ouellet J, Cicchetti F, Soulet D (2011) The critical role of the MyD88-dependent pathway in non-CNS MPTP-mediated toxicity. Brain Behav Immun 25:1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.017
Da PM, Zurcher G, Wuthrich I, Haefely WE (1988) On tyramine, food, beverages and the reversible MAO inhibitor moclobemide. J Neural Transm Suppl 26:31–56
Dezsi L, Vecsei L (2017) Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 16:425–439. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527316666170124165222
Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, Hunyady B, Mezey E (1997) Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3864–3871. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.11.4339
Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS (2004) Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacol Rev 56:331–349. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.56.3.1
Feng XY, Zhang DN, Wang YA, Fan RF, Hong F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhu JX (2017) Dopamine enhances duodenal epithelial permeability via the dopamine D5 receptor in rodent. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 220:113–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12806
Feng XY, Yan JT, Li GW, Liu JH, Fan RF, Li SC, Zheng LF, Zhang Y, Zhu JX (2020) Source of dopamine in gastric juice and luminal dopamine-induced duodenal bicarbonate secretion via apical dopamine D2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 177:3258–3272. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15047
Ferrari M, Cosentino M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Rasini E, Lecchini S, Frigo G (2004) Dopaminergic D1-like receptor-dependent inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression and catecholamine production in human lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 67:865–873
Finberg JP (2014) Update on the pharmacology of selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B: focus on modulation of CNS monoamine neurotransmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 143:133–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.010
Forsythe P, Kunze WA (2013) Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol Life Sci 70:55–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1028-z
Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Barton B, de Bie R, Seppi K, Coelho M, Sampaio C (2018) International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27372
Gray R, Ives N, Rick C, Patel S, Gray A, Jenkinson C, McIntosh E, Wheatley K, Williams A, Clarke CE (2014) Long-term effectiveness of dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors compared with levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD MED): a large, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet 384:1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60683-8
Guay DR (2006) Rasagiline (TVP-1012): a new selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor for Parkinson’s disease. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 4:330–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.12.001
Haggendal J (1967) The presence of dopamine in human gastric juice. Acta Physiol Scand 71:127–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03718.x
Hristova AH, Koller WC (2000) Early Parkinson’s disease: what is the best approach to treatment. Drugs Aging 17:165–181. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200017030-00002
Jatana N, Apoorva N, Malik S, Sharma A, Latha N (2013) Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the treatment of neurological disorders. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 13:166-194
Josefsson E, Bergquist J, Ekman R, Tarkowski A (1996) Catecholamines are synthesized by mouse lymphocytes and regulate function of these cells by induction of apoptosis. Immunology 88:140–146
Kaenmaki M, Tammimaki A, Garcia-Horsman JA, Myohanen T, Schendzielorz N, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Mannisto PT (2009) Importance of membrane-bound catechol-O-methyltransferase in L-DOPA metabolism: a pharmacokinetic study in two types of Comt gene modified mice. Br J Pharmacol 158:1884–1894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00494.x
Karhunen T, Tilgmann C, Ulmanen I, Julkunen I, Panula P (1994) Distribution of catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme in rat tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 42:1079–1090
Knox NC, Forbes JD, Peterson CL, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN (2019) The gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: lessons learned from other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 114:1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000305
Li ZS, Pham TD, Tamir H, Chen JJ, Gershon MD (2004) Enteric dopaminergic neurons: definition, developmental lineage and effects of extrinsic denervation. J Neurosci 24:1330–1339. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3982-03.2004
Li LS, Liu CZ, Xu JD, Zheng LF, Feng XY, Zhang Y, Zhu JX (2015) Effect of entacapone on colon motility and ion transport in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 21:3509–3518. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i12.3509
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang XL, Feng XY, Liu CZ, Zhang XN, Quan ZS, Yan JT, Zhu JX (2019) Dopamine promotes colonic mucus secretion through dopamine D5 receptor in rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 316:C393–C403. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00261.2017
Liu CZ, Zhang XL, Zhou L, Wang T, Quan ZS, Zhang Y, Li J, Li GW, Zheng LF, Li LS, Zhu JX (2018) Rasagiline, an inhibitor of MAO-B, decreases colonic motility through elevating colonic dopamine content. Neurogastroenterol Motil 30:e13390. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13390
Lubomski M, Davis RL, Sue CM (2019) The gut microbiota: a novel therapeutic target in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 66:265–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.08.010
Lyte M (1992) The role of catecholamines in gram-negative sepsis. Med Hypotheses 37:255–258
Lyte M (2011) Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics. BioEssays 33:574–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100024
Lyte M, Bailey MT (1997) Neuroendocrine-bacterial interactions in a neurotoxin-induced model of trauma. J Surg Res 70:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsre.1997.5130
Lyte M, Ernst S (1992) Catecholamine induced growth of gram negative bacteria. Life Sci 50:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(92)90273-r
Magro F, Vieira-Coelho MA, Fraga S, Serrao MP, Veloso FT, Ribeiro T, Soares-da-Silva P (2002) Impaired synthesis or cellular storage of norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 47:216–224
Magro F, Fraga S, Ribeiro T, Soares-da-Silva P (2004) Decreased availability of intestinal dopamine in transmural colitis may relate to inhibitory effects of interferon-gamma upon L-DOPA uptake. Acta Physiol Scand 180:379–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01260.x
Maini RV, Bess EN, Bisanz JE, Turnbaugh PJ, Balskus EP (2019) Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for levodopa metabolism. Science 364:eaau6323. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6323
Matsumoto M, Weickert CS, Akil M, Lipska BK, Hyde TM, Herman MM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR (2003) Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human and rat brain: evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function. Neuroscience 116:127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00556-0
Matsumoto M, Kibe R, Ooga T, Aiba Y, Sawaki E, Koga Y, Benno Y (2013) Cerebral low-molecular metabolites influenced by intestinal microbiota: a pilot study. Front Syst Neurosci 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2013.00009
Matt SM, Gaskill PJ (2020) Where is dopamine and how do immune cells see it?: dopamine-mediated immune cell function in health and disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 15:114–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4
Mezey E, Eisenhofer G, Harta G, Hansson S, Gould L, Hunyady B, Hoffman BJ (1996) A novel nonneuronal catecholaminergic system: exocrine pancreas synthesizes and releases dopamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:10377–10382. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10377
Mezey E, Eisenhofer G, Hansson S, Hunyady B, Hoffman BJ (1998) Dopamine produced by the stomach may act as a paracrine/autocrine hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 67:336–348. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054332
Moffa S, Mezza T, Cefalo C, Cinti F, Impronta F, Sorice GP, Santoro A, Di Giuseppe G, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A (2019) The interplay between immune system and microbiota in diabetes. Mediat Inflamm 2019:9367404. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9367404
Musso NR, Brenci S, Setti M, Indiveri F, Lotti G (1996) Catecholamine content and in vitro catecholamine synthesis in peripheral human lymphocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3553–3557. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855800
Myohanen TT, Schendzielorz N, Mannisto PT (2010) Distribution of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) proteins and enzymatic activities in wild-type and soluble COMT deficient mice. J Neurochem 113:1632–1643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06723.x
Natale G, Kastsiushenka O, Fulceri F, Ruggieri S, Paparelli A, Fornai F (2010) MPTP-induced parkinsonism extends to a subclass of TH-positive neurons in the gut. Brain Res 1355:195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.076
Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, Pettersson S (2012) Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science 336:1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813
Nissinen E, Linden IB, Schultz E, Kaakkola S, Mannisto PT, Pohto P (1988a) Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity by two novel disubstituted catechols in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 153:263–269
Nissinen E, Tuominen R, Perhoniemi V, Kaakkola S (1988b) Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in human and rat small intestine. Life Sci 42:2609–2614
Okauchi H, Nakajima S, Tani T, Ito A, Arai R (2004) Immunocytochemical localization of monoamine oxidase type B in enterochromaffin-like cells of rat oxyntic mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol 121:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-004-0622-z
Özoğul F (2004) Production of biogenic amines by Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and hafnia alvei using a rapid HPLC method. Eur Food Res Technol 219:465–469
Papa I, Saliba D, Ponzoni M, Bustamante S, Canete PF, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, McNamara HA, Valvo S, Grimbaldeston M, Sweet RA, Vohra H, Cockburn IA, Meyer-Hermann M, Dustin ML, Doglioni C, Vinuesa CG (2017) TFH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 547:318–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23013
Pietrucci D, Cerroni R, Unida V, Farcomeni A, Pierantozzi M, Mercuri NB, Biocca S, Stefani A, Desideri A (2019) Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in a selected population of Parkinson’s patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.06.003
Prado C, Contreras F, Gonzalez H, Diaz P, Elgueta D, Barrientos M, Herrada AA, Lladser A, Bernales S, Pacheco R (2012) Stimulation of dopamine receptor D5 expressed on dendritic cells potentiates Th17-mediated immunity. J Immunol 188:3062–3070. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103096
Riederer P, Muller T (2018) Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: clinical-pharmacological aspects. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-018-1876-2
Rodriguez MJ, Saura J, Billett EE, Finch CC, Mahy N (2001) Cellular localization of monoamine oxidase a and B in human tissues outside of the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 304:215–220
Roshchina VV (2016) New trends and perspectives in the evolution of neurotransmitters in microbial, plant and animal cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 874:25–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_2
Sarkar C, Basu B, Chakroborty D, Dasgupta PS, Basu S (2010) The immunoregulatory role of dopamine: an update. Brain Behav Immun 24:525–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.015
Scheperjans F, Aho V, Pereira PA, Koskinen K, Paulin L, Pekkonen E, Haapaniemi E, Kaakkola S, Eerola-Rautio J, Pohja M, Kinnunen E, Murros K, Auvinen P (2015) Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson’s disease and clinical phenotype. Mov Disord 30:350–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26069
Shah P, Nankova BB, Parab S, La Gamma EF (2006) Short chain fatty acids induce TH gene expression via ERK-dependent phosphorylation of CREB protein. Brain Res 1107:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.097
Sherwin E, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2017) Recent developments in understanding the role of the gut microbiota in brain health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13416
Shin C, Lim Y, Lim H, Ahn TB (2020) Plasma short-chain fatty acids in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 35:1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28016
Shishov VA, Kirovskaia TA, Kudrin VS, Oleskin AV (2009) Amine neuromediators, their precursors, and oxidation products in the culture of Escherichia coli K-12. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 45:550–554
Singaram C, Ashraf W, Gaumnitz EA, Torbey C, Sengupta A, Pfeiffer R, Quigley EM (1995) Dopaminergic defect of enteric nervous system in Parkinson’s disease patients with chronic constipation. Lancet 346:861–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92707-7
Sivasubramaniam SD, Finch CC, Rodriguez MJ, Mahy N, Billett EE (2003) A comparative study of the expression of monoamine oxidase-a and -B mRNA and protein in non-CNS human tissues. Cell Tissue Res 313:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-003-0765-6
Smeyne RJ, Jackson-Lewis V (2005) The MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 134:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.09.017
Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ (2016) The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:273–287. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17
Srivastav S, Neupane S, Bhurtel S, Katila N, Maharjan S, Choi H, Hong JT, Choi DY (2019) Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from MPTP and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. J Nutr Biochem 69:73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021
Stange EF, Schroeder BO (2019) Microbiota and mucosal defense in IBD: an update. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:963–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2019.1671822
Strandwitz P (2018) Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res 1693:128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015
Taraskina AE, Nasyrova RF, Grunina MN, Zabotina AM, Ivashchenko DV, Ershov EE, Sosin DN, Kirnichnaya KA, Ivanov MV, Krupitsky EM (2015) Dopamine neurotransmission of peripheral blood lymphocytes is a potential biomarker of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 115:65–69
Teixeira FG, Gago MF, Marques P, Moreira PS, Magalhaes R, Sousa N, Salgado AJ (2018) Safinamide: a new hope for Parkinson’s disease? Drug Discov Today 23:736–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.033
Tian YM, Chen X, Luo DZ, Zhang XH, Xue H, Zheng LF, Yang N, Wang XM, Zhu JX (2008) Alteration of dopaminergic markers in gastrointestinal tract of different rodent models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 153:634–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.033
Tolosa E, Stern MB (2012) Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rasagiline as adjunctive therapy in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 19:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03484.x
Tsai LH, Cheng JT (1995) Stimulatory effect of dopamine on acid secretion from the isolated rat stomach. Neurosci Res 21:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(94)00854-9
Tsavkelova EA, Botvinko IV, Kudrin VS, Oleskin AV (2000) Detection of neurotransmitter amines in microorganisms with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Dokl Biochem 372:115–117
Unger MM, Spiegel J, Dillmann KU, Grundmann D, Philippeit H, Burmann J, Fassbender K, Schwiertz A, Schafer KH (2016) Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson’s disease and age-matched controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 32:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019
Ustione A, Piston DW (2012) Dopamine synthesis and D3 receptor activation in pancreatic beta-cells regulates insulin secretion and intracellular [ca(2+)] oscillations. Mol Endocrinol 26:1928–1940. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2012-1226
Vieira-Coelho MA, Teixeira VL, Guimaraes JT, Serrao MP, Soares-da-Silva P (1999) Caco-2 cells in culture synthesize and degrade dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine: a comparison with rat jejunal epithelial cells. Life Sci 64:69–81
Villageliu D, Lyte M (2018) Dopamine production in Enterococcus faecium: a microbial endocrinology-based mechanism for the selection of probiotics based on neurochemical-producing potential. PLoS One 13:e207038. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207038
Wall R, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Dinan TG, Stanton C (2014) Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics. Adv Exp Med Biol 817:221–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10
Wang CC, Billett E, Borchert A, Kuhn H, Ufer C (2013) Monoamine oxidases in development. Cell Mol Life Sci 70:599–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-012-1065-7
Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB (2010) Rasagiline: a novel anti-parkinsonian monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor with neuroprotective activity. Prog Neurobiol 92:330–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.008
Weintraub D, Hauser RA, Elm JJ, Pagan F, Davis MD, Choudhry A (2016) Rasagiline for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord 31:709–714. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26617
Westlund KN, Denney RM, Kochersperger LM, Rose RM, Abell CW (1985) Distinct monoamine oxidase a and B populations in primate brain. Science 230:181–183
Yan Y, Jiang W, Liu L, Wang X, Ding C, Tian Z, Zhou R (2015) Dopamine controls systemic inflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell 160:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.047
Youdim MB, Finberg JP (1987) Monoamine oxidase B inhibition and the “cheese effect”. J Neural Transm Suppl 25:27–33
Zhang X, Li Y, Liu C, Fan R, Wang P, Zheng L, Hong F, Feng X, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhu J (2015) Alteration of enteric monoamines with monoamine receptors and colonic dysmotility in 6-hydroxydopamine–induced Parkinson’s disease rats. Transl Res 166:152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2015.02.003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, CZ., Feng, XY., Liu, S., Zhang, XL., Zhu, JX. (2021). Synthesis and Metabolism of Gut Dopamine. In: Zhu, JX. (eds) Dopamine in the Gut. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6586-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6586-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-33-6585-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-33-6586-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)