Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inorganic Polymeric Nanocomposites and Membranes

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 179))

Abstract

Nanostructured organic-inorganic composites have been the source of much attention in both academicand industrial research in recent years. Composite materials, by definition, result from the combinationof two distinctly dissimilar materials, the overall behavior determined not only by properties ofthe individual components, but by the degree of dispersion and interfacial properties. It is termeda nanocomposite when at least one of the phases within thecomposite has a size-scale of order of nanometers. Nanocomposites have shown improved performance(compared to matrices containing more conventional, micron-sized fillers) due to their high surfacearea and significant aspect ratios – the properties being achieved at much lower additive concentrationscompared to conventional systems.

In this article, recent developments in the formation and properties of epoxy layered silicatenanocomposites are reviewed. The effect of processing conditions on cure chemistry and morphologyis examined, and their relationship to a broad range of material properties elucidated. An understandingof the intercalation mechanism and subsequent influences on nanocomposite formation is emphasized.Recent work involving the structure and properties of ternary, thermosetting nanocomposite systemswhich incorporate resin, layered silicates and an additional phase (fibre, thermoplastic or rubber)are also discussed, and future research directions in this highly active area are canvassed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

3D:

three-dimensional

3DCM:

3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane

μm:

micrometers (10-6 m)

Å:

angstroms (10-10 m)

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

BDMA:

benzyldimethylamine

BTFA:

boron trifluoride monoethylamine

°C:

degrees celcius

CEC:

cation exchange capacity

CTBN:

carboxy-terminated butadiene nitrile rubbers

DDS:

4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulphone

DDM:

4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane,

DETDA:

diethyltoluenediamine (ETHACURE® 100)

DGEBA:

diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

DMBA:

N,N-dimethylbenzylamine

DMTA:

dynamic mechanical thermal analysis

e-beam:

electron beam

G:

Gibb’s free energy

GIC :

fracture energy

H:

enthalpy

HBP:

hyperbranched polymers

HHPA:

hexahydrophthalic anhydride

HRR:

heat release rate

IPNs:

interpenetrating polymer networks

Jeffamine:

poly(oxypropylene) diamines

K:

Kelvin

m:

metres

MPDA:

1,4-diaminobenzene

MTHPA:

methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride -

NMA:

nadic methyl anhydride (NMA)

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

nm:

nanometers (10-9 m)

Nylon 6:

caprolactam-based polyamide

PACM:

4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane bisparaaminocyclohexylmethane

PMMA:

poly(methyl methacrylate)

q:

scattering vector

RFI:

resin film infusion

s:

seconds

S:

entropy

SAXD:

Small angle X-ray Diffraction

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

TGDDM:

tetraglycidyl ether of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane

T g :

glass transition temperature

TGA:

thermogravimetric analysis

TGAP:

triglycidyl p-amino phenol

θ:

scattering angle

WAXD:

wide-angle X-ray diffraction

WW:

wet winding

References

  1. Pinnavaia JT (1983) Science 220:365

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mardis WS (1984) JAOCS 61:382

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kemnetz SJ, Still AL, Cody CA, Schwindt R (1989) J Coat Technol 61:47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zanetti M, Lomakin S, Camino G (2000) Macromol Mater Eng 279:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Solomon DH, Hawthorne DG (1983) Chemistry of Pigments and Fillers. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hawley GC (1987) Handbook of Reinforcements for Plastics. Milewski JV, Katz HS (eds). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Blumstein A (1961) Bull Soc Chim Fr 5:899

    Google Scholar 

  8. Okada A, Kawasumi M, Usuki A, Kojima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito K (1990) Mat Res Symp Proc 171:45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Usuki A, Kojima Y, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Fukushima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O (1993) J Mater Res 8:1179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Usuki A, Kojima Y, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Fukushima Y, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O (1993) J Mater Res 8:1185

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yano K, Usuki A, Okada A, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito O (1993) J Polymer Science: Pt A: Polym Chem 31:2493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zilg C, Mülhaupt R, Finter J (1999) Macromol Chem Phys 200:661

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Young RJ (1986) Rigid-particulate reinforced thermosetting polymers in Structural Adhesives – Developments in Resins and Primers. Kinloch AJ (ed) Elsevier Applied Science Publishers: London

    Google Scholar 

  14. Spanoudakis J, Young RJ (1984) J Mat Sci 19:473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ellis B (1993) Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins. Blackie Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sankaran S (1990) J Appl Polym Sci 39:1635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ratna D, Varley R, Singh Raman RK, Simon GP (2003) J Mat Sci 38:147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Boogh L, Pettersson B, Manson J-A (1999) Polymer 40:2249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bucknall CB, Partridge IK (1983) Polymer 24:639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Varley R, Thermoplastic Modification of a Trifunctional Epoxy Resin System, in PhD thesis, Department of Materials Engineering. 1998, Monash University: Clayton, Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kim J-K, Mai Y-W (1998) Engineered Interfaces in Fiber Reinforced Composites. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ivens J, Debaere P, McGoldrick C, Verpoest I, Van Der Vleuten P (1994) Composites 25:139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chung WC, Jang BC, Chang TC, Hwang LR, Wilcox RC (1989) Mat Sci Eng A112:157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhong W, Jang BZ (1998) Key Eng Mat 141–143:169

    Google Scholar 

  25. Garcia R, Evans RE, Palmer RJ (1987) Structural Property Improvements Through Hybridized Composites. Toughened Composites. Johnston NJ (ed) Philadelphia: American Society for Testing Materials. 397.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yamashita S, Hatta H, Takei T, Sugano T (1992) J Composite Mater 26:1254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jang BZ (1991) Sci and Eng of Composite Mater 2:29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sohn MS, Hu XZ (1998) Key Eng Mater 145–149:727

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hoffmann U, Endell K, Wilm D (1933) Z Krist. 86:340

    Google Scholar 

  30. Alexandre M, Dubois P (2000) Mater Sci Eng 28:1

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wang Z, Massam J, Pinnavaia TJ (2000) Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites, in Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Pinnavaia TJ, Beall GW (eds). Wiley, Chichester. p. 127

    Google Scholar 

  32. Theng BKG (1974) The Chemistry of Clay-Organic Reactions. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bailey SW, Brindley GW, Johns WD, Marti RT, Ross M (1971) Clays and Clay Minerals 19:129

    Google Scholar 

  34. Theng BKG (1979) Formation and Properties of Clay-Polymer Complexes. Development in Soil Science 9. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fletcher RA, Bibby DM (1987) Clays and Clay Minerals 35:318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Giannelis EP (1992) Materials & Design 13:100

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wang Z, Pinnavaia JT (1998) Chem Mater 10:1820

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Akelah A, Kelly P, Qutubuddin S, Moet A (1994) Clay Minerals 29:169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Morgan AB, Gilman JW, Jackson CL (2001) Macromolecules 34:2735

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2002) Polymer 43:4365

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Becker O, Cheng Y-B, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2003) Macromolecules 36:1616

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Vaia RA (2000) Structural Characterization of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, in Polymer-clay nanocomposites, Pinnavaia JT, Beall GW (eds), John Wiley & Sons, p 229

    Google Scholar 

  43. Morgan AB, Gilman JW, Jackson CL (2000) Characterization of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites: XRD vs. TEM in 219th ACS National Meeting. San Francisco, California

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kornmann X, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R, Finter J, Berglund LA (2002) Polym Eng Sci 42:1815

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chin I-J, Thurn-Albrecht T, Kim C-H, Russell TP, Wang J (2001) Polymer 42:5947

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tolle TB, Anderson DP (2002) Composites Science and Technology 62:1033

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chen C, Curliss D (2003) Nanotechnology 14:643

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kornmann X, Lindberg H, Berglund LA (2001) Polymer 42:1303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Salahuddin N, Moet A, Hiltner A, Baer E (2002) Eur Polym J 38:1477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Reichert P, Nitz H, Klinke S, Brandsch R, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R (2000) Macrom Mater Eng 275:8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. VanderHart DL, Asano A, Gilman JW (2001) Macromolecules 34:3819

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Devaux E, Bourbigot S, Achari AE (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 86:2416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kojima Y, Usuki A, Kawasumi M, Okada A, Kurauchi T, Kamigaito (1993) J Polym Sci Pt A: Polym Chem 31:983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wang Z, Lan T, Pinnavaia JT (1996) Chem Mater 8:2200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lan T, Pinnavaia TJ (1994) Chem Mater 6:2216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yasmin A, Abot JL, Daniel IM (2003) Scripta Materiala 49:81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Butzloff P, D’Souza NA (2003) Epoxy + Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Effects of Water, Ultrasound, and Stoichiometry on Aggregates. Proc ANTEC

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lan T, Kaviratna PD, Pinnavaia TJ (1995) Chem Mater 7:2144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Becker O, Bourdonnay R, Halley PJ, Simon GP (2003) Polym Eng Sci

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jiankun L, Yucai K, Zongneng Q, Xiao-Su Y (2001) J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39:115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brown JM, Curliss D, Vaia RA (2000) Chem Mater 12:3376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chen C, Curliss D (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 90:2276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Chen JS, Poliks MD, Ober CK, Zhang Y, Wiesner U, Giannelis E (2002) Polymer 43:4895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kong D, Park CE (2003) Chem Mater 15:419

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Vaia RK, Jandt KD, Kramer EJ, Giannelis EP (1995) Macromolecules 28:8080

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Krishnamoorti R, Giannelis EP (1997) Macromolecules 30:4097

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Park JH, Jana SC (2003) Macromolecules 36:2758

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ke Y, Lü J, Yi X, Zhao J, Qi Z (2000) J Appl Polym Sci 78:808

    Google Scholar 

  69. Pinnavaia TJ, Lan T, Kaviratna PD, Wang Z, Shi H (1995) Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Mechanism of Formation. in Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. Chicago, Illinois: American Chemical Society

    Google Scholar 

  70. Shi H, Lan T, Pinnavaia TJ (1996) Chem Mater 8:1584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lan T, Kaviratna PD, Pinnavaia TJ (1996) J Phys Chem Solids 57:1005

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Massam J, Pinnavaia TJ (1998) Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 520:232

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lan T, Kaviratna PD, Pinnavaia TJ (1994) Polym Mater Sci Eng 71:527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Zilg C, Thomann R, Finter J, Mülhaupt R (2000) Macromol Mater Eng 280/281:41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Messersmith PD, Giannelis EP (1994) Chem Mater 6:1719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Chen JJ, Cheng IJ, Chu CC (2003) Polymer Journal 35:411

    Google Scholar 

  77. 30B, C, Physical Properties Bulletin, Southern Clay Products, USA. http://www.nanoclay.com/data/30B.htm

  78. Feng W, Ait-Kadi A, Riedl B (2003) Polym Eng Sci 42:1827

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kornmann X, Lindberg H, Berglund LA (2001) Polymer 42:4493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chen C, Curliss D (2003) Polym Bull 49:473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lan T, Wang Z, Shi H, Pinnavaia TJ (1995) Clay-epoxy nanocomposites: relationships between reinforcement properties and the extend of clay layer exfoliation. in: Polimeric Materials – Science and Engineering. Proceedings of the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kaviratna PD, Lan T, Pinnavaia TJ (1994) Polym Prepr 35:788

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Triantafillidis CS, LeBaron P, Pinnavaia TJ (2002) Chem Mater 14:4088

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Triantafillidis CS, LeBaron P, Pinnavaia TJ (2002) J Sol State Chem 167:354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Winter H (1987) Polym Eng Sci 27:1698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Halley PJ, Mackay ME (1996) Polym Eng Sci 36:593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Halley PJ, Mackey ME, George GA (1994) High Perform Polym 6:405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gillham JK (1986) Polym Eng Sci 26:1429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bajaj P, Jha NK, Ananda Kumar R (1990) J Appl Polym Sci 40:203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Butzloff P, D’nouza NA, Golden TD, Garrett D (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41:1794

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Xu W, Bao S, Shen S, Wang W, Hang G, He P (2003) J Polym Sci: Pt B: Polym Phys 41:378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wang MS, Pinnavaia TJ (1994) Chem Mater 6:468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Becker O, Simon GP, Varley R, Halley P (2003) Polym Eng Sci 43:850

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gillham JK (1979) Polym Eng Sci 19:676

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Aronhime MT, Gilham JK (1986) Adv Polym Sci 78:83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ooi S, Cook WD, Simon GP, Such CH (2000) Eur Polym J 41:3639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Xu WB, Bao SP, Shen SJ, Hang GP, He PS (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 88:2932

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Chen DZ, He PS, Pan LJ (2003) Polymer Testing 22:689

    Google Scholar 

  99. Weibing X, Pingsheng H, Dazhu C (2003) Eur Polym J 39:617

    Google Scholar 

  100. Dazhu C, Pingsheng H (2003) J Composite Mater 37:1275

    Google Scholar 

  101. Torre L, Frulloni E, Kenny JM, Manferti C, Camino G (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 90:2532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Lee A, Lichtenhan JD (1999) J Appl Polym Sci 73:1993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kelly P, Akelah A, Qutubuddin S, Moet A (1994) J Mat Sci 29:2274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Chen KH, Yang SM (2002) J Appl Polym Sci 86:414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Shah AP, Gupta RK, Gangarao HVS, Powell CE (2002) Polym Eng Sci 42:1852

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ganguli S, Dean D, Jordan K, Price G, Vaia R (2003) Polymer 44: 6901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Lu H, Nutt S (2003) Macromolecules 36:4010

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Zax DB, Yang DK, Santos RA, Hegemann H, Giannellis EP, Manias E (2000) J Chem Phys 112:2945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kanapitsas A, Pissis P, Kotsilkova R (2002) J Non-Cryst Sol 305:204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2002) Opportunities for High Performance Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. in Nanocomposites San Diego, California: ECM

    Google Scholar 

  111. Zerda AS, Lesser AJ (2001) J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39:1137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Zerda AS, Lesser AJ (2001) Intercalated clay nanocomposites: Morphology, mechanics and fracture behavior. Mat Res Soc Symp Vol 661, Nakatani AI, Hjelm RP, Gerspacher M, Krishnamoorti R, Warrendale MRS (eds), PA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kornmann X, Berglund LA, Sterte J (1998) Polym Eng Sci 38:1351

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Becker O (2003) High Performance Epoxy-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, PhD in School of Physics & Materials Engineering. Monash University: Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  115. Basra C, Yilmazer U, Bayram G (2003) ANTEC 2003 Proceedings, Society of Plastic Engineers p 3707

    Google Scholar 

  116. Isik I, Yilmazer U, Bayram G (2003) Polymer 44:6371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gensler R, Gröppel P, Muhrer V, Müller N (2002) Part Syst Charact 19:293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2004) Eur Polym J 40: 187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Porter D, Metcalfe E, Thomas MJK (2000) Fire Mater 24:45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T, Lichtenhan JD (1997) SAMPE Journal 33:40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Gilman J, Kashiwagi T, Brown J, Lomakin S, Gianelis E (1998) Flammability Studies of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. In 43rd International SAMPE Symposium

    Google Scholar 

  122. Lee DC, Jang LW (1997) J Appl Polym Sci 68:1997

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gu A, Liang G (2003) Polym Degrad Stab 80:383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Xie W, Gao Z, Pan WP, Hunter D, Singh A, Vaia R (2001) Chem Mater 13:2979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hussain M, Varley RJ, Mathys Z, Cheng Y-B, Simon GP (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 90: 3696

    Google Scholar 

  126. Kotsilkova R, Petkova V, Pelovski Y (2001) J Therm Anal Calorim 64:591

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Park SJ, Seo DI, Lee JR (2002) J Colloid Interface Sci 251:160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Burnside SD, Giannelis EP (1995) Chem Mater 7:1597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T (2000) Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites with Conventional Flame Retardants. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, eds. TJ Pinnavaia, GW Beall. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  130. Zhu J, Uhl FM, Morgan AB, Wilkie C (2001) Chem Mater 13:4649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gilman JW (1999) Appl Clay Sci 15:31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Gilman JW, Harris R, Hunter D (1999) Cyanate Ester Clay Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Flammability Studies. in Evolving and Revolutionary Technologies for the new Millenium – International SAMPE Symposium. Long Beach, CA

    Google Scholar 

  133. Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T, Nyden M, Brown JET, Jackson CL, Lomakin S, Giannelis EP, Manias E (1999) Flammability Studies of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: Polyolefin, Epoxy, and Vinyl Ester Resins, in Chemistry and Technology of Polymer Additives, Ak-Malaika S, Golovoy A, Wilkie CA (eds), Blackwell Science Inc

    Google Scholar 

  134. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2002) High Performance Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: An Overview. In Materials Week. Munich, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  135. Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP (2003) J Mat Sci Lett 22:1411

    Google Scholar 

  136. Timmermann JF, Hayes BS, Seferis JC (2002) Composite Sci Technol 62:1249

    Google Scholar 

  137. Rice BP, Chen C, Cloos L, Curliss D (2001) SAMPE 37:7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lelarge L, Becker O, Simon GP, Rieckmann T (2003) J Polym Sci Pt B, Polym Phys, unpublished data

    Google Scholar 

  139. Ratna D, Becker O, Krishnamurthy R, Simon GP, Varley R (2003) Polymer 44:7449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Frölich J, Thomann R, Mülhaupt (2003) Macromolecules 36:7205

    Google Scholar 

  141. Venderbosch RW, Meijer HEH, Lemstra PJ (1994) Polymer 35:4349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Venderbosch RW, Meijer HEH, Lemstra PJ (1995) Polymer 36:2903

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Meijer HEH, Venderbosch RW, Goosens JPG, Lemstra PJ (1996) High Perf Polymer 8:133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Venderbosch RW, Meijer HEH, Lemstra PJ (1995) Polymer 36:1167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Frisch HL, Du Y, Schulz M (1998) Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Materials in Polymer Networks – Principles of their formation structure and properties. Blackie Academic, Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  146. Karger-Kocsis J, Gryschuk O, Fröhlich J, Müllhaupt R (2003) Composites Sci Technol 63:2045

    Google Scholar 

  147. Karger-Koscis J, Gryschchuk O, Jost N (2003) J Appl Polym Sci 88:2124

    Google Scholar 

  148. Xie W, Xie RC, Pan WP, Hunter D, Koene B, Tan LS, Vaia R (2002) Chem Mater 14:4837

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Vaia RA, Liu WD (2002) J Polym Sci Pt B Polym Phys 40:1590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Fornes TD, Paul DR (2003) Polymer 44:4993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Zilg C, Reichert P, Dietsche F, Engelhardt T, Mülhaupt R (1998) Kunststoffe 88:1812

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia

    Ole Becker & George P. Simon

Authors
  1. Ole Becker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. George P. Simon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Karel Dusek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to F. Guida-Pietrasanta , George P. Simon , Alexandre L. Rusanov , Arimitsu Usuki or George P. Simon .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Becker, O., Simon, G.P., Dusek, K. (2005). Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites . In: Inorganic Polymeric Nanocomposites and Membranes. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 179. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b107204

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation