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Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of α-iron mono-and polycrystals

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Abstract

The reported studies are based on a series of cyclic deformation tests that were conducted at room temperature on decarburized high-purity α-iron specimens in mono-and polycrystalline form. The experimental data cover plastic strain ranges Δε pl in the regime 10−4 ≲ Δε pl ≲ 10−2 and variations in cyclic plastic strain rates έ pl between ∼10-5 and ∼10−2 s−1. In the case of single crystals, the effect of solute carbon (∼30 wt. ppm) was investigated as well. The mechanical data were supplemented by detailed studies of the dislocation arrangements by transmission electron microscopy and of the surface patterns by scanning electron and optical microscopy.

Detailed accounts are given of the following topics: cyclic hardening and saturation, dislocation mechanisms, shape changes due to asymmetric slip of serew dislocations, cyclic stress-strain response and fatigue crack initiation.

Under conventional conditions of “high” έ pl (≲10−4 s−1) the fatigue behaviour of α-iron at room temperature reflects the low mobility of the screw dislocations which is characteristic of the lowttemperature mode of deformation of body-centred cubic (b.c.c.) metals. As a consequence the behaviour exhibits significant differences with respect to that of fatigued face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) metals such as: strongly impeded dislocation multiplication below Δε pl ∼ 5 × 10−4, appreciable secondary slip at higher Δε pl leading to a cell structure (persistent slip bands do not form), shape changes due to asymmetric slip of screw dislocations and a relatively high effective stress level.

The reduction of έ pl and the presence of solute carbon atoms modify this behaviour significantly, making it more similar to that of f.c.c. metals. In all cases it was found that only the athermal component of the peak (saturation) stress but not the latter itself represents a suitable measure of the properties of the dislocation substructure.

On the basis of the cyclic deformation behaviour and of observations of trans-and intergranular fatigue crack initiation it was concluded that the fatigue limit of α-iron is an intrinsic property of the b.c.c. structure whose characteristics, however, are affected sensitively by interstitial impurity content and by the strain rate of the fatigue test.

Résumé

Les résultats rapportés dans le mémoire sont basés sur une série d'essais de déformation cyclique qui ont été conduits à température ambiante sur des échantillons de fer α décarburés à haute pureté sous une forme mono- et polycristalline. Les données expérimentales couvrent les amplitudes de déformation plastique Δε pl correspondant à 10−4 ≲ Δε pl ≲ 10−2 ainsi que des variations dans la vitesse de déformation plastique comprises entre 10-5 et 10-2 s-1. Dans le cas de cristaux simples, on a également étudié les effects du C en solution (∼30 ppm). Les données mécaniques ont été complétées par des études détaillées des arrangements des dislocations, en utilisant la microscopie électronique à transmission, ainsi que les aspects des surfaces en utilisant la microscopie optique et la microscopie électronique à balayage.

On a traité dans le détail les sujets suivants: accroissement cyclique et saturation, mécanisme de dislocation, modification de forme associée à des glissements assymétriques de dislocation vis, réponse cyclique contrainte/dilatation et amorcage de la fissure de fatigue.

Sous les conditions conventionnelles de haute vitesse de déformation plastique (supérieure à 10-4 s-1) le comportement en fatigue du fer α à la température ambiante rend compte de la faible mobilité des dislocations vis, ce qui est caractéristique d'un mode de déformation à basse température des métaux cubiques centrés. En conséquence, le comportement fait état de différences significatives par rapport aux métaux cubiques faces centrés soumis à fatigue tels que: une intense multiplication des dislocations en-dessous Δε pl ∼ 5 × 10−4, un glissement secondaire appréciable pour des valeurs de Δε pl supérieures qui conduit à une structure en cellules (c.à.d que des bandes de glissement persistantes ne se forment point), des modifications de forme dues à des glissements assymétriques de dislocation vis, ainsi qu'un niveau de contrainte effective relativement élevé.

La réduction de la vitesse de déformation plastique et la presence d'atomes de C en solution modifient ce comportement de manière significative, et le rapprochent davantage de celui des métaux cubiques centrés. Dans tous les cas, on a prouvé que seule la composante athermique de la contrainte de saturation, à défaut de cette dernière, représente une mesure appropriée des propriétés des substructures de dislocation.

Sur base du comportement à la déformation cyclique et des observations d'amorcage de fissure de fatigue trans-et intergranulaire, on a conclu que la limite de fatigue du fer α est une propriété intrinsèque d'une structure cubique centrée dont les caractéristiques toutefois, se trouvent être sensiblement affectées par la teneur en impuretés intersticielles et par la vitesse de déformation de l'essai de fatigue.

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Author notes

  1. K. Herz

    Present address: Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt, Universität Stuttgart, 7000, Stuttgart 80, F.R. Germany

  2. X. Stark

    Present address: Siemens AG, WIS MB TE 112, Balanstr. 73, 8000, München 80, F.R. Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Physik, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 7000, Stuttgart 80, W Germany

    H. Mughrabi, K. Herz & X. Stark

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  1. H. Mughrabi
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Mughrabi, H., Herz, K. & Stark, X. Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of α-iron mono-and polycrystals. Int J Fract 17, 193–220 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053520

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