Abstract
A three-dimensional model for wind prediction over rough terrain has been developed for practical use. It is a compromise between hydrodynamic and objective wind models. The proposed model includes: (1) a statistical model to predict the wind velocity and potential temperature at anemometer height at observing stations, (2) the drainage wind model expressed by Prandtl's analytic solution for the slope wind, (3) the Businger-Dyer surface-layer formulation which considers the surface energy budget and (4) the model for three-dimensional boundary-layer solutions to the stationary flow. In this model, mass consistency is guaranteed by using flow fields that satisfy the continuity equation. Model predictions show good agreement with the observations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, G. E.: 1971, ‘Mesoscale Influences on Wind Fields’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 10, 377–386.
Ball, F. K.: 1956, ‘The Theory of Strong Katabatic Winds’, Australian J. Phys. 9, 373–386.
Businger, J. A., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., and Bradley, E. F.: 1971, ‘Flux-Profile Relationships in the Atmospheric Surface Layer’, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 181–189.
Cramer, O. P.: 1972, ‘Potential Temperature Analysis for Mountain Terrain’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 11, 44–50.
Danard, M.: 1977, ‘A Simple Model for Mesoscale Effects of Topography on Surface Winds’, Monthly Weather Rev. 105, 572–581.
Defant, F.: 1949, Zur Theorie de Hangwinde, Nebst Bemerkerngen Zur Theorie de Berg and Talwinds, Arch. Meteor. Geophy. Biokl., Al, Springer-Verlag, 421–450.
Dickerson, M. H.: 1978, ‘MASCON — A Mass Consistent Atmospheric Fluw Model for Regions with Complex Terrain’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 241–253.
Goodin, W. R., McRae, G. J., and Seinfeld, J. H.: 1979, ‘A Comparison of Interpolation Methods for Sparse Data: Application to Wind and Concentration Fields’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 18, 761–771.
Goodin, W. R., McRae, G. J., and Seinfeld, J. H.: 1980, ‘An Objective Analysis Technique for Constructing Three-Dimensional Urban Scale Wind Fields’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 19, 98–180.
Hsueh, Y.: 1970, ‘A Note on the Boundary Layer Wind Structure Above Sloping Terrain’, J. Atmos. Sci. 27, 322–327.
Kao, S. K.: 1981, ‘An Analytical Solution for Three-Dimensional Stationary Flows in the Atmosphere Boundary Layer Over Terrain’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 20, 386–390.
Kau, W. S., Lee, H. N., and Kao, S. K.: 1982, ‘A Statistical Model for Wind Predictions at a Mountain and Valley Station Near Anderson Creek, California’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 21, 18–21.
Lee, H. N. and Kau, W. S.: 1984, ‘Prediction of Surface Potential Temperature over Complex Terrain’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. (in press).
Lettau, H. H.: 1966, ‘A Case Study of Katabatic Flow on the South Polar Plateau’, Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, M. J. Rubin, Editor, Antarctic Res. Ser., 9, Amer. Geophys. Union, 1–11.
Lykosov, V. N. and Gutman, L. N.: 1972, ‘Turbulent Boundary Layer Above a Sloping Underlying Surface’, Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 8, 462–467.
Mahrer, Y. and Pielke, R. A.: 1975, ‘A Numerical Study of the Air Flow Over Mountains Using the Two-Dimensional Version of the University of Virginia Mesoscale Model’, J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 2144–2155.
Mahrer, Y. and Pielke, R. A.: 1977, ‘The Effect of Topography on Sea and Land Breezes in a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model’, Monthly Weather Rev. 105, 1151–1162.
Manins, R. T. and Sawford, B. L.: 1979, ‘A Model of Katabatic Winds’, J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 619–630.
Nickerson, E. C. and Smiley, V. E.: 1975, ‘Surface Layer and Energy Budget Parameterization for Mesoscale Models’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 14, 297–300.
Nickerson, E. C.: 1979, ‘On the Numerical Simulation of Airflow and Clouds over Mountain Terrain’, Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 52, 161–177.
OBrien, J. J.: 1970, ‘Alternative Solutions to the Classical Vertical Velocity Problem’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 9, 197–203.
Paltridge, G. W. and Platt, C. M. R.: 1976, Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 318 pp.
Prandtl: 1942, Furher durch die Stromungslehere, Vieweg, U. Sohn. Brauschweig, 373–375. Available in English as Essential on Fluid Dynamics, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 1952, 452 pp.
Rao, K. S. and Snodgrass, H. F.: 1981, ‘A Nonstationary Nocturnal Drainage Flow Model’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 20, 309–320.
Sasaki, Y.: 1970, ‘Some Basic Formalisms in Numerical Variational Analysis’, Monthly Weather Rev. 98, 875–898.
Scholtz, M. T.. and Brouchaert, C. J.: 1978, ‘Modeling of Stabling Air Flow over a Complex Region’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 1249–1247.
Sherman, C. A.: 1978, ‘A Mass-Consistent Model for Wind Fields over Complex Terrain’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 312–319.
Yamada, T.: 1978, ‘A Three-Dimensional Numerical, Study of Complex Atmospheric Circulations Producted by Terrain’, Proceedings of Conference on Sierra Nevada Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61–67.
Yamada, T.: 1981, ‘A Numerical Simulation of Nocturnal Drainage Flow’, J. Meteorol. Soc., Japan 59, 108–122.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, H.N., Kau, W.S. Simulation of three-dimensional wind flow over complex terrain in the atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 29, 381–396 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120537
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120537