Abstract
In this paper, the well-established multi-layer model originally devised by Waggoner and Reifsnyder (1968) is used. This steady-state model based on an electrical analogue simulates the energy exchange between the vegetation and the atmosphere. A purely mathematical development of the basic equations of this model yields explicit expressions of the total fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the top of the canopy as a function of the net radiation absorbed in each layer, the soil heat flux, the water vapour pressure deficit at a reference height and the whole set of elementary conductances (stomatal, boundary-layer and aerodynamic). These new equations can be considered as a generalization of the familiar Penman's formulae to a multi-layer model.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen, J.: 1984, ‘Uncoupled Multi-Layer Model for the Transfer of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux Densities from Vegetation’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26, 213–225.
Furnival, G. M., Waggoner, P. E., and Reifnyder, W. E.: 1975, ‘Computing the Energy Budget of a Leaf Canopy with Matrix Algebra and Numerical Integration’, Agric. Meteorol. 14, 405–416.
Goudriaan, J. and Waggoner, P. E.: 1972, ‘Simulating Both Aerial Microclimate and Soil Temperature from Observations Above the Foliar Canopy’, Neth. J. Agri. Sci. 20, 104–124.
Halldin, S. and Lindroth, A.: 1986, ‘Pine Forest Microclimate Simulation Using Different Diffusivities’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 35, 103–123.
Monteith, J. L.: 1973, Principles of Environmental Physics, Edward Arnold, London.
Monteith, J. L.: 1981, ‘Evaporation and Surface Temperature’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 1–27.
Penman, H. L.: 1948, ‘Natural Evaporation from Open Water, Bare Soil and Grass’, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A193, 120–145.
Penman, H. L.: 1953, ‘The Physical Basis of Irrigation Control’, Rep. 13th Int. Hort. Cong. 2, 913–923.
Perrier, A.: 1976, ‘Etude et essai de modélisation des échanges de masse et d'énergie au niveau des couverts végétaux’, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat, Université de Paris 6, 240 pp.
Shuttleworth, W. J.: 1976, ‘A One-Dimensional Theoretical Description of the Vegetation-Atmosphere Interaction’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 10, 273–302.
Slatyer, R. O. and McIlroy, I. C.: 1961, Practical Micrometeorology, UNESCO, Paris.
Waggoner, P. E. and Reifsnyder, W. E.: 1968, ‘Simulation of the Temperature, Humidity and Evaporation Profiles in a Leaf Canopy’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 7, 400–409.
Waggoner, P. E. and Turner, N. C.: 1972, ‘Comparison of Simulated and Actual Evaporation from Maize and Soil in a Lysimeter’, Agric. Meteorol. 10, 113–123.
Waggoner, P. E., Furnival, G. M., and Reifsnyder, W. E.: 1969, ‘Simulation of the Microclimate in a Forest’, Forest Sciences 15, 37–45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lhomme, J.P. Extension of Penman's formulae to multi-layer models. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 42, 281–291 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121587
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121587