Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections

  • Published:
European Journal of Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recognition of rotaviruses as a major aetiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children has prompted the investigation of their epidemiology by molecular techniques. Genome analysis by electrophoretic separation of the RNA segments has been widely used to distinguish virus isolates and to monitor patterns of virus transmission. Examination of virus isolates from different epidemics has clearly demonstrated the existance of extensive genomic variation in viruses circulating in large communities; with the co-circulation of a number of viruses of differing electrophoretype. Preliminary studies using the more advanced techniques of oligonucleotide mapping and hybridization analysis have suggested that variation among the viruses may occur by processes involving both ≪ drift ≫ and ≪ shift ≫. Because of their ease and specificity the new hybridization analysis techniques should greatly facilitate both the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infections, and the solution of many epidemiological and evolutionary questions. Continued and expanded use of molecular techniques for the study of the epidemiology of rotavirus infections will be required to manage future outbreaks and to effect long term control measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. AlbertM.J., BishopR.F., ShannF.A. (1983): Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea, in 1979, as revealed by electrophoresis of genome RNA. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 17, 162–164.

    Google Scholar 

  2. AlbertM.J., SoenartoY., BishopR.F. (1982): Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as revealed by electrophoresis of genome RNA. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 16, 731–733.

    Google Scholar 

  3. BastardoJ.W., McKimm-BreschkinJ.L., SonzaS., MercerL.D., HolmesI.H. (1981): Preparation and characterization of antisera to electrophoretically purified SA11 virus polypeptides. - Infect. Immun. 34, 641–647.

    Google Scholar 

  4. BeardsG.M. (1982): A method for the purification of rotaviruses and adenoviruses from faeces. - J. Virol. Methods 4, 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  5. BeardsG.M. (1982): Polymorphism of genomic RNAs within rotavirus serotypes and subgroups. -Arch. Virol. 74, 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  6. BeardsG.M., FlewettT.H. (1984): Serological characterization of human rotaviruses propogated in cell cultures. - Arch. Virol. 80, 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  7. BirchC.J., LewisF.A., KennethM.L., HomolaM., PritchardH., GustI.D. (1977): A study of the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis admitted to an infectious diseases hospital. - J. Med. Virol. 1, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  8. BohlE.H., SaifL.J., TheilK.W., AgnesA.G., CrossR.F. (1982): Porcine pararotavirus: detection, differentiation from rotavirus, and pathogenesis in gnotobiotic pigs. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 15, 312–319.

    Google Scholar 

  9. BothG.W., MattickJ.S., BellamyA.R. (1983): Serotype-specific glycoprotein of simian 11 rotavirus: coding assignment and gene sequence. - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3091–3095.

    Google Scholar 

  10. BothG.W., MattickJ., SiegmanL., AtkinsonP.H., WeissS., BellamyA.R., StreetJ.E., MetcalfP. (1983): Cloning of SA11 rotavirus genes: gene structure and polypeptide assignment for the typespecific glycoprotein. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  11. BrandtC.D., KimH.W., RodriguezW.J., ArrobioJ.O., JeffriesB.C., StallingsE.P., LewisC., MilesA.J., ChanockR.M., KapikianA.Z., ParrottR.H. (1983): Pediatric viral gastroenteritis during eight years of study. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 18, 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  12. BrandtC.D., KimH.W., YolkenR.H., KapikianA.Z., ArrobioJ.O., RodriguezW.J., WyattR.G., ChanockR.M., ParrottR.H. (1979): Comparative epidemiology of two rotavirus serotypes and other viral agents associated with pediatric gastroenteritis.- Amer. J. Epidemiol. 110, 243–254.

    Google Scholar 

  13. BridgerJ.C. (1980): Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astroviruses and rotavirus-like particles in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea.- Vet. Rec. 107, 532–533.

    Google Scholar 

  14. BridgerJ.C., ClarkeI.N., McCraeM.A. (1982): Characterization of an antigenically distinct porcine rotavirus. - Infect. Immun. 32, 1058–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  15. BrigatiD.J., MyersonD., LearyJ.J., SpalholzB., TravisS.Z., FongC.K.Y., HsinngG.D., WardD.C. (1983): Detection of viral genomes in cultured cells and paraffin-embedded tissue sections using biotin-labelled hybridization probes. - Virol. 126, 32–50.

    Google Scholar 

  16. BrownE.G., NibertM.L., FieldsB.N. (1983): The L2 gene of reovirus serotype 3 controls the capacity to interfere, accumulate deletions and establish persistent infection. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press New York.

    Google Scholar 

  17. CameronD.J.S., BishopR.F., VeenstraA.A., BarnesG.L. (1978): Noncultivable viruses and neonatal diarrhea: fifteen-month survey in a newborn special care unit. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 8, 93–98.

    Google Scholar 

  18. CashP. (1982): Human rotavirus RNA prepared from stool samples by a simple procedure suitable for the determination of elect ropherotypes.- J. Virol. Methods 4, 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  19. ChanockS.J., WenskeE.A., FieldsB.N. (1983): Human rotaviruses and genome RNA. - J. Infect. Dis. 148, 49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  20. ClarkeI.N., McCraeM.A. (1981): A rapid and sensitive method for analysing the genome profiles of field isolates of rotavirus. - J. Virol. Methods 2, 203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ClarkeI.N., McCraeM.A. (1981): A sensitive method for the production of diagnostic fingerprints of the genome segments of field isolates of rotavirus.- J. Virol. Methods 3, 261–269.

    Google Scholar 

  22. ClarkeI.N., McCraeM.A. (1983): The molecular biology of rotaviruses. VI RNA species-specific terminal conservation in rotaviruses. - J. Gen. Virol. 64, 1877–1884.

    Google Scholar 

  23. CohenJ., MasonB.B., EstesM.K. (1983): Molecular cloning of the simian rotavirus SA11. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  24. DavidsonG.P., BishopR.F., TownleyR.R.W., HolmesI.H., RuckB.J. (1975): Importance of a new virus in acute sporadic enteritis in children. -Lancet 1, 242–246.

    Google Scholar 

  25. DimitrovD.H., EstesM.K., RangelovaS.M., ShindarovL.M., MelnickJ.L., GrahamD.Y. (1983): Detection of antigenically, distinct rotaviruses from infants. - Infect. Immun. 41, 523–526.

    Google Scholar 

  26. DimitrovD.H., GrahamD.Y., LopezJ., MuchinikG., ValascoG., StenbackW.A., EstesM.K. (1984): RNA electropherotypes of human rotaviruses from North and South America. - Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 62, 321–329.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Dyall-SmithM.L., AzadA.A., HolmesI.H. (1983): Gene mapping of rotavirus double-stranded RNA segments by northern blot hybridization: application to segments 7, 8 and 9. - J. Virol. 46, 317–320.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dyall-SmithM.L., HolmesI.H. (1984): Sequence homology between human and animal rotavirus serotype-specific glycoproteins. - Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 3973–3982.

    Google Scholar 

  29. EllemanT.C., HyoneP.A., Dyall-SmithM.L., HolmesI.H., AzadA.A. (1983): Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the serotype-specific glycoprotein of UK bovine rotavirus. - Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 4689–4701.

    Google Scholar 

  30. EnglebergN.C., HolburtE.N., BarretT.J., GaryG.W. Jr., FrujilloM.H., FeldmanR.A., HughesJ.M. (1982): Epidemiology of diarrhea due to rotavirus on an Indian reservation: risk factors in the home invironment. - J. Infect. Dis. 145, 894–898.

    Google Scholar 

  31. EspejoR.T., AvendanoL.F., MunozO., RomeroP., EternodJ.G., LopezS., MoncayaJ. (1980): Comparison of human rotaviruses isolated in Mexico City and in Santiago, Chile, by electrophoretic migration of their double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome segments. - Infect. Immun. 30, 342–348.

    Google Scholar 

  32. EspejoR.T., CalderonE., GonzalesN. (1977): Distinct reovirus-like agents associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 6, 502–506.

    Google Scholar 

  33. EspejoR.T., CalderonE., GonzalesN., SalomonA., MarluscelliA., RomeroP. (1979): Presence of two distinct types of rotavirus in infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Mexico City, 1977. - J. Infect. Dis. 139, 474–477.

    Google Scholar 

  34. EspejoR.T., MunozO., SerafinF., RomeroP. (1980): Shift in the prevalent human rotavirus detected by ribonucleic acid segment differences.- Infect. Immun. 27, 351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  35. EspejoR.T., PuertoF. (1984): Shifts in the electrophoretic pattern on the RNA genome of rotaviruses under different electrophoretic conditions. -J. Virol. Methods 8, 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  36. EstesM.K., GrahamD.Y., DimitrovD.H. (1984): The molecular epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis.- Prog. med. Virol. 29, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  37. FloresJ., BoeggemanE., PurcellR.H., SerenoM., PerezI., WhiteL., WyattR.G., ChanockR.H., KapikianA.Z. (1983): A dot hybridisation assay for detection of rotavirus. - Lancet i, 555–558.

    Google Scholar 

  38. FloresJ., GreenbergH.B., MyslinskiJ., KalicaA.R., WyattR.G., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1982): Use of transcription probes for genotyping rotavirus reassortants. - Virol. 121, 288–295.

    Google Scholar 

  39. FloresJ., PerezI., WhiteL., PerezM., KalicaA.R., MarquinaR., WyattR.G., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1982): Genetic relatedness among human rotaviruses as determined by RNA hybridization.- Infect. Immun. 37, 648–655.

    Google Scholar 

  40. FloresJ., SerenoM., LaiC.J., BoeggemanE., PerezI., PurcellR., KalicaA., GreenbergH., WyattR., HansenJ., KapikianA., ChanockR. (1983): Use of single-stranded rotavirus RNA transcripts for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection, the study of genetic diversity among rotaviruses, and the molecular cloning of rotavirus genes. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  41. FolletE.A.C., DesselbergerU. (1983): Cocirculation of different rotavirus strains in a local outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis. Monitoring by rapid and sensitive nucleic acid analysis and by oligonucleotide mapping. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  42. FolletE.A.C., DesselbergerU. (1983): Cocirculation of different rotavirus strains in a local outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis: monitoring by rapid and sensitive nucleic acid analysis. - J. Med. Virol. 11, 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  43. FolletE.A.C., SandersR.C., BeardsG.M., HundleyF., DesselbergerU. (1984): Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses. Analysis of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Glasgow and the West of Scotland 1981/82 and 1982/83. - J. Hyg. Camb. 92, 209–222.

    Google Scholar 

  44. ForsterJ., PastorS. (1983): Epidemiology of human rotaviruses as determined by electrophoresis of genome RNA. - Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2, 141–147.

    Google Scholar 

  45. FosterS.O., PalmerE.L., GaryG.W.Jr., MartinM.L., HerrmannK.L., BeasleyP., SampsonJ. (1980): Gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in an isolated Pacific island group: an epidemic of 3,439 cases. - J. Infect. Dis. 141, 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  46. GreenbergH.B., KalicaA.R., WyattR.G., JonesR.W., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1981): Rescue of noncultivable human rotaviruses by gene reassortment during mixed infection with ts mutants of a cultivable bovine rotavirus. - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 420–424.

    Google Scholar 

  47. GreenbergH., McAuliffeV., ValdesusoJ., WyattR., FloresJ., KalicaA., HoshinoY., SinghN. (1983): Serological analysis of the subgroup protein of rotavirus, using monoclonal antibodies. - Infect. Immun. 39, 91–99.

    Google Scholar 

  48. HerringA.J., InglisN.F., OjehC.K., SnodgrassD.R., MenziesJ.D. (1982): Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16, 473–477.

    Google Scholar 

  49. HollandJ., SpindlerK., HorodvskiF., GrabauE., NicholS., VandepolS. (1982): Rapid evolution of RNA genomes. - Sci. 215, 1577–1585.

    Google Scholar 

  50. HolmesI.H. (1979): Viral gastroenteritis. - Prog. Med. Virol, 25, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  51. HungT., ChenG., WangC., YaoH., FangZ., ChaoT., ChouZ., YeW., ChangX., DenS., LiongX., ChangW. (1984): Waterborne outbreak of rotavirus diarrhoea in adults in China caused by a novel rotavirus. - Lancet i, 1139–1142.

    Google Scholar 

  52. JoklikW.G. (1981): Structure and function of the reovirus genome. - Microbiol. Rev. 45, 483–501.

    Google Scholar 

  53. KalikaA.R., GreenbergH.B., EspejoR.T., FloresI., WyattR.G., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1981): Distinctive ribonucleic acid patterns of human rotavirus subgroups 1 and 2. - Infect. Immun. 33, 958–961.

    Google Scholar 

  54. KalicaA.R., GreenbergH.B., WyattR.G., FloresJ., SerenoM.M., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1981): Genes of human (strain Wa) and bovine (strain UK) rotaviruses that code for neutralisation and subgroup antigens. - Virol. 112, 385–390.

    Google Scholar 

  55. KantharidisP., Dyall-SmithM.L., HolmesI.H. (1983): Completion of the gene coding assignments of SA11 rotavirus gene products of segments 7, 8 and 9. - J. Virol. 48, 330–334.

    Google Scholar 

  56. KapikianA.Z., ClineW.L., GreenbergH.B., WyattR.G., KalicaA.R., BanksC.E., JamesH.D. Jr., FloresJ., ChanockR.M. (1981): Antigenic characterization of human and animal rotaviruses by immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA): evidence for distinctness of IAHA and neutralisation antigens. - Infect. Immun. 33, 415–425.

    Google Scholar 

  57. KapikianA.Z., KimH.W., WyattR.G., ClineW.L., ArrobioJ.O., BrandtC.D., RodriguezW.J., SackD.A., ChanockR.M., ParrottR.H. (1976): Human reovirus-like agent as the major pathogen associated with ≪ winter ≫ gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children. - New Engl. J. Med. 294, 965–972.

    Google Scholar 

  58. KapikianA.Z., WyattR.G., GreenbergH.B., KalicaA.R., KimH.W., BrandtC.D., RodriguezW.J., ParrottR.H., ChanockR.M. (1980): Approaches to immunization of infants and young children against gastroenteritis due to rotavirus. - Rev. Infect. Dis. 2, 459–469.

    Google Scholar 

  59. KonnoT., SuzukiH., ImaiA., KutsuzawaT., IshidaN., KatsushimaN., SakamotoM., KitaokaS., TsuboiR., AdachiM. (1978): A long term survey of rotavirus infection in Japanese children with acute gastroenteritis. - J. Infect. Dis. 138, 569–576.

    Google Scholar 

  60. KutsuzawaT., KonnoT., SuzukiH., EbinaT., IshidaN. (1982): Two distinct electrophoresic migration patterns of RNA segments of human rotaviruses prevalent in Japan in relation to their serotypes - Microbiol. Immunol. 26, 271–273.

    Google Scholar 

  61. LaemmliU.K. (1970): Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. - Nature, Lond. 227, 680–685.

    Google Scholar 

  62. LambertP., MarissensD., MarbehantP., ZissisG. (1983): Prevalence of subgroup 1, 2 and 3 rotaviruses in Belgian children suffering from acute diarrhoea. - J. Med. Virol. 11, 31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  63. LinharesA.C., PinheiroF.P., FreitasR.B., GabbayY.B., ShirleyJ.A., BeardsG.M. (1981): An outbreak of rotavirus diarrhea among a non-immune, isolated South American Indian Community. - Amer. J. Epidemiol. 113, 703–710.

    Google Scholar 

  64. LourencoM.H., NicolasJ.C., CohenJ., ScherrerR., BricoutF. (1981): Study of human rotavirus genome by electrophoresis: attempt of classification among strains isolated in France. - Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 132E, 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  65. MatsunoS., Hasegawa, KalicaA.R., KonoR. (1980): Isolation of a recombinant between simian and bovine rotaviruses. - J. Gen. Virol. 48, 253–256.

    Google Scholar 

  66. McCraeM.A., McCorauodaleJ.G. (1983): Structural and functional studies on the rotavirus genomic RNAs. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  67. McNultyM.S., AllanG.M., ToddD., McFerranJ.B., McCrackenR.M. (1981): Isolation from chickens of a rotavirus lacking the rotavirus group antigen. -J. Gen. Virol. 55, 405–413.

    Google Scholar 

  68. MoeK., HarperG.J. (1983): The effect of relative humidity and temperature on the survival of bovine rotavirus in aerosol. - Arch. Virol. 76, 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  69. NicolasJ.C., CohenJ., FortierB., LourencoM.H., BricoutF. (1983): Isolation of a human pararotavirus. -Virol. 124, 181–184.

    Google Scholar 

  70. PaleseP. (1977): The genes of influenza virus. -Cell. 10, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  71. PaleseP., SchulmanJ.L. (1976): Differences in RNA patterns of influenza A virus. - J. Virol. 17, 299–313.

    Google Scholar 

  72. PedersonF.S., HaseltineW.A. (1980): In: Methods in enzymology 65. Academic Press, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  73. PedleyS., BridgerJ.C., BrownJ.F., McCraeM.A. (1983): Molecular characterisation of rotaviruses with distinct group antigens. - J. Gen. Virol. 64, 2093–2101.

    Google Scholar 

  74. PedleyS., BridgerJ.C., McCraeM.A. (1983): Molecular analysis of rotavirus isolates which lack the group antigen. In: Double-stranded RNA viruses. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  75. PedleyS., HundleyF., ChrystieI., McCraeM.A., DesselbergerU. (1984): The genomes of rotaviruses isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient children. - J. Gen. Virol. 65, 1141–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  76. RixonF., TaylorP., DesselbergerU. (1984): Rotavirus RNA segments sized by electron microscopy. -J. Gen. Virol. 65, 233–239.

    Google Scholar 

  77. RodgerS.M., BishopR.F., BirchC., McLeanB., HolmesI.H. (1981): Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses in Melbourne, Australia, from 1973 to 1979, as determined by electrophoresis of genome ribonucleic acid. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 13, 272–278.

    Google Scholar 

  78. RodgerS.M., BishopR.F., HolmesI.H. (1982): Detection of a rotavirus-like agent associated with diarrhea in an infant. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 16, 724–726.

    Google Scholar 

  79. RodgerS.M., HolmesI.H. (1979): Comparison of the genomes of simian, bovine and human rotaviruses by electrophoresis and detection of genomic variation among bovine isolates. - J. Virol. 30, 839–846.

    Google Scholar 

  80. SabaraM., DeregtD., BabiukL.A., MisraV. (1982): Genetic heterogeneity within individual bovine rotavirus isolates. - J. Virol. 44, 813–822.

    Google Scholar 

  81. SaifL.J., BohlE.H., TheilK.W., CrossR.F., HouseJ.A. (1980): Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like and 23 nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhoea in young pigs. - J. Clin. Microbiol. 12, 105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  82. SammonsD.W., AdamsL.D., NishizawaE.E. (1981): Ultrasensitive silver-based color staining of polypeptides in polyacrylamide gels. - Electrophoresis 2, 135–141.

    Google Scholar 

  83. SatoK., InabaY., MiuraY., TokuhisaS., MatumoM. (1982): Antigenic relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by neutralisation and immunofluorescence. - Arch. Virol. 73, 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  84. SchnagelR.D., RodgerS.M., HolmesI.H. (1981): Variation in human rotavirus electropherotypes occurring between rotavirus gastroenteritis epidemics in central Australia. - Infect. Immun. 33, 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  85. SchroederB.A., StreetJ.E., KalmakofJ., BellamyA.R. (1982): Sequence relationships between the genome segments of human and animal rotavirus strains. - J. Virol. 43, 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

  86. SnodgrassD.R., HerringA.J., CampbellI., InglisJ.M., HargreavesF.D. (1984): Comparison of atypical rotaviruses from calves, piglets, lambs and man. - J. Gen. Virol. 65, 909–914.

    Google Scholar 

  87. SonzaS., BreschinA.M., HolmesI.H. (1983): Derivation of neutralising monoclonal antibodies against rotaviruses. - J. Virol. 45, 1143–1146.

    Google Scholar 

  88. SpencerE.G., AvendanoL.F., GarciaB.I. (1983): Analysis of human rotavirus mixed electropherotypes. -Infect. Immun. 39, 569–574.

    Google Scholar 

  89. StreetJ.E., CroxsonM.C., ChaddertonW.F., BellamyA.R. (1982): Sequence diversity of human rotavirus strains investigated by northern blot hybridization analysis. - J. Virol. 43, 369–378.

    Google Scholar 

  90. TheilK.W., McCloskeyC.M., SaifL.J., RedmanD.R., BohlE.H., HancockD.D., KohlerE.M., MoorheadP.D. (1981): Rapid, simple method of preparing rotaviral double-stranded ribonucleic acid for analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. -J. Clin. Microbial. 14, 273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  91. ThoulessM.E., BeardsG.M., FlewettT.H. (1982): Serotyping and subgrouping of rotavirus strains by the ELISA test. - Arch. Virol. 73, 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  92. WalkerP.J., MansbridgeJ.N., GormanB.M. (1980): Genetic analysis of orbiviruses by using RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprints. - J. Virol. 34, 583–591.

    Google Scholar 

  93. WoodeG.N., BridgerJ.C., JonesJ.M., FlewettT.H., BrydenA.S., DaviesH.A., WhiteG.B.B. (1976): Morphological and antigenic relationships between viruses (rotaviruses) from acute gastroenteritis of children, calves, piglets, mice and foals. - Infect. Immun. 14, 804–810.

    Google Scholar 

  94. WyattR.G., GreenbergH.B., JamesW.D., PittmanA.L., KalicaA.R., FloresJ., ChanockR.M., KapikianA.Z. (1982): Definition of human rotavirus serotypes by plaque reduction assay. - Infect. Immun. 37, 110–115.

    Google Scholar 

  95. WyattR.G., JamesH.D., PittmanA.L., HoshinoY., GreenbergH.B., KalicaA.R., FloresJ., KapikianA.Z. (1983): Direct isolation in cell culture of human rotaviruses and their characterisation into four serotypes. - J. Clin. Microbial. 18, 310–317.

    Google Scholar 

  96. YolkenR.H., WyattR.G., ZissisG., BrandtC.D., RodriguezW.J., KimH.W., ParrottR.H., UrrutiaJ.J., MataL., GreenbergH.B., KapikianA.Z., ChanockR.M. (1978): Epidemiology of human rotavirus types 1 and 2 as studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. - New Engl. J. Med. 299, 1156–1161.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Regional Virus Laboratory and World Health Organization Collaborative Centre for Reference and Research on Rotaviruses, East Birmingham Hospital, B9 5ST, Birmingham, UK

    R. C. Sanders

Authors
  1. R. C. Sanders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sanders, R.C. Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections. Eur J Epidemiol 1, 19–32 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162308

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162308

Key words

Search

Navigation