Trade-offs in foraging success and predation risk with spatial position in colonial spiders

Summary

Colonial web-building spiders respond to trade-offs between selective forces relative to spatial position within colonies and thus provide support for the selfish herd theory. The size distribution of spiders within colonies of Metepeira incrassata, a colonial orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae) from tropical Mexico is nonrandom; larger (mature) spiders and females guarding eggsacs are more prevalent in the center, whereas more small (immature) spiders are found on the periphery. Experimental field studies with spiders of selected size classes show that larger spiders actively and aggressively seek protected positions in the center of the colony webbing, even though prey availability and capture rates are significantly higher on the periphery. Attacks by predatory wasps, other spiders, and hummingbirds are more frequent on the periphery than in the core of the colony. Reproductive females on the periphery are at greater risk because they are captured more often than smaller spiders, and if their egg sacs consequently remain unguarded, chances of cocoon parasitism are increased. As a result, spiders in the core of the colony have greater reproductive success, producing more egg sacs with greater hatching frequency. Colonial spiders thus appear to be making a trade-off between foraging and protection from predation and show a spatial organization predicted by the selfish herd theory. The influence of such trade-offs on individual fitness and the structure of colonies is discussed.