Skip to main content
Log in

Collimator design for single photon emission tomography

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We discuss recent trends in collimator design and technology, with emphasis on theoretical and practical issues of importance for single photon emission tomography (SPET). The well-known imaging performance parameters of parallel-hole collimators are compared with those of fan-beam collimators, which have enjoyed considerable success in recent years, particularly for brain SPET. We review a simplistic approach to the collimator optimization problem, as well as more sophisticated “task-dependent” treatments and important considerations for SPET collimator design. Practical guidance is offered for understanding trade-offs that must be considered for clinical imaging. Finally, selective comparisons among different SPET systems and collimators are presented for illustrative purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anger HO (1964) Scintillation camera with multichannel collimators. J Nucl Med 5:515–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow HB (1978) The efficiency of detecting changes of density in random dot patterns. Vision Res 18: 637–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett HH, Smith WE, Myers KJ, Milster TD, Fiete RD (1985) Quantifying the performance of imaging systems. In: Schneider RH, Dwyer SJ (eds) Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine XIII. Proc Soc Photo-opt Instrumen Eng 535:6569

  • Barrett HH, Myers KJ, Wagner RF (1986) Beyond signal-detection theory. In: Schneider RH, Dwyer SJ (eds) Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine XIV. Proc Soc Photo-opt Instrumen Eng 626:231–239

  • Beck RN, Redtung LD (1985) Collimator design using ray-tracing techniques. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS 32:865–869

    Google Scholar 

  • Budinger TF (1990) Advances in emission tomography: quo vadis? J Nucl Med 31:628–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess AE, Wagner RF, Jennings RJ, Barlow HB (1981) Efficiency of human visual signal discrimination. Science 214:93–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess AE, Jennings RJ, Wagner RF (1982) Statistical efficiency: a measure of human visual signal-detection performance. J Appl Photogr Eng 8:76–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang W, Li SQ, Williams JJ, Bruch PM, Wesolowski CA, Ehrhardt JC, Kirchner PT (1988) New methods of examining gamma camera collimators. J Nucl Med 29:676–683

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullum ID, Brown NJG, Christmas P, Jarritt PH, Sefton JP, Short MD, Woods MJ (1991) A proposal regarding the management of SPELT uniformity correction. Nucl Med Commun 12:299–300 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • deVries DJ, Moore SC, Zimmerman RE, Mueller SP, Friedland B, Lanza RC (1990) Development and validation of a Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport in an Anger camera. IEEE Trans Med Imag 9:430–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiete RD, Barrett HH, Smith WE, Myers KJ (1987) The Hotelling trace criterion and its correlation with human observer performance. J Opt Soc Am A 4:945–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Genna S, Smith AP (1988) The development of ASPECT, an annular single crystal brain camera for high efficiency SPELT. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS 35:654–658

    Google Scholar 

  • George M, Ring H, Costa DC, Kouris K, Jarritt PH, Ell PJ (1991) Neuroactivation and neuroimaging with SPET. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber MS, Miller DW (1974) Parallel-hole collimator design. J Nucl Med 15:724–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillen GJ, Hilditch TE, Elliott AT (1988) Nonisotropic point spread function as a result of collimator design and manufacturing defects. J Nucl Med 29:1096–1100

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick SJ, King MA, Knesaurek K, Burbank K (1989) An investigation of the stationarity of the 31 modulation transfer function of SPECT. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 36:973–977

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullberg GT, Zeng ZL, Christian PE, Datz FL, Morgan HT (1991) Cone beam tomography of the heart using SPECT. Invest Radiol 26:681–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson KM (1983) Variations in task and the ideal observer. Proc Soc Photo-opt Instrumen Eng (Application of optical instrumentation in medicine XI), SPIE Proc 419:60–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson KM (1984) Optimal object and edge localization in the presence of correlated noise. Proc Soc Photo-opt Instrumen Eng, SPIE Proc 454:9–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller SL, Goodwin PN (1987) SPECT instrumentation: performance, lesion detection, and recent innovations. Semin Nucl Med 17:184–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Hero AO, Shao L (1990) Information analysis of single-photon emission computed tomography with count losses. IEEE Trans Med Imag 9:117–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman BL, Carvalho PA, Zimmerman RE, Johnson KA, Tumeh SS, Smith AW, Genna S (1990) Brain perfusion SPECT using an annular single crystal camera: initial clinical experience. J Nucl Med 31:1456–1561

    Google Scholar 

  • Hor G (1988) Myocardial scintigraphy — 25 years after start. Eur J Nucl Med 13:619–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotelling H (1931) The generalization of Student's ratio. Ann Math Stat 2:360

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichihara T (1990) Development of a high resolution SPECT system. Toshiba Med Rev 33:29–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichihara T, Matsudaira M, Yamada M (1991) Basic development of the Toshiba digital gammacamera, model GCA-9300A. In: Hisada K (ed) An atlas of second generation SPECT. Maruzen Planning Network, Japan, pp 13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRP (1988) Publication 53. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Annals of the ICRP. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarritt PH, Ell PJ (1984) Gamma camera emission tomography — quality control and clinical applications. Alden, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaszczak RJ, Chang LT, Murphy PH (1979) Single photon emission computed tomography using multi-slice fan beam collimators. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 26:610–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaszczak RJ, Floyd CE, Manglos SH, Greer KL, Coleman RE (1986) Cone-beam collimatoon for single-photon emission computed tomography: analysis simulation and image reconstruction using filtered backprojection. Med Phys 13:484–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Judy PF, Swensson RG (1985) Detection of small focal lesions in CT images: effects of reconstruction filters and visual display windows. Br J Radiol 58:137–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Judy PF, Swensson RG (1988) Detectability of equally visible disks at unknown locations. Radiology 169(P):239

    Google Scholar 

  • Judy PF, Swensson RG, Szulc M (1981) Lesion detection and signal-to-noise ratio in CT images. Med Phys 8:13–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller EL (1968) Optimum dimensions of parallel-hole, multi-aperture collimators for gamma-ray cameras. J Nucl Med 9:233–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes JW, Fahey FH, Harkness BA (1990) Tips for high quality SPECT. SNM Computer and Instrumentation Council Newsletter

  • Kibby PM (1969) The design of multichannel collimators for radioisotope cameras. Br J Radiol 42:91–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Kijewski MF, Judy PF (1987) The noise power spectrum of CT images. Phys Med Biol 32:565–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura K, Hashikawa K, Etani H, et al. (1990) A new apparatus for brain imaging: a four-head rotating gamma camera single-photon emission computed tomograph. J Nucl Med 31:603–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson SA, Bergstrand G, Bergstedt H, Berg J, Flygare O, Schnell PO, Andersson N, Lagergren C (1984) A special cut-off gamma camera for high-resolution SPECT of the head. J Nucl Med 25:1023–1030

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim CB, Chang LT, Jaszczak RJ (1980) Performance analysis of three camera configurations for single photon emission computed tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 27:559–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim CB, Walker R, Pinkstaff C, et al. (1986) Triangular SPECT system for 3-D total organ volume imaging: performance results and dynamic imaging capability. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 33:501–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather RL (1957) Gamma-ray collimator penetration and scattering effects. J Appl Phys 28:1200–1207

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz CE, Atkins FB, Beck RN (1980) The geometric transfer function component for scintillation camera collimators with straight parallel holes. Phys Med Biol 25:1059–1070

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore SC, Kijewski MF, Mueller SP, Holman BL (1988) SPECT image noise power: effects of nonstationary projection noise and attenuation compensation. J Nucl Med 29:1704–1709

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyer RA (1974) A low-energy multihole converging collimator compared with a pinhole collimator. J Nucl Med 15:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehllehner G (1985) Effect of resolution improvement on required count density in ECT imaging: a computer simulation. Phys Med Biol 30:163–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehllehner G, Luig H (1973) Septal penetration in scintillation camera collimators. Phys Med Biol 18: 855–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehllehner G, Dudek J, Moyer R (1976) Influence of hole shape on collimator performance. Phys Med Biol 21:242–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller SP, Pollak JF, Kijewski MF, Holman BL (1986) Collimator selection for SPECT brain imaging: the advantage of high resolution. J Nucl Med 27:1729–1738

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller SP, Kijewski MF, Moore SC, Holman BL (1990) Maximum-likelihood estimation — a mathematical model for quantitation in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med 31:1693–1701

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers KJ, Barrett HH (1987) Addition of a channel mechanism to the ideal-observer model. J Opt Soc Am A 4:2447–2457

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers KJ, Barrett HH, Borgstrom MC, Patton DD, Seeley GW (1985) Effect of noise correlation on detectability of disk signals in medical imaging. J Opt Soc Am A 2:1752–1759

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers KJ, Wagner RF, Brown DG, Barrett HH (1989) Efficient utilization of aperture and detector by optimal coding. In: Schneider RH, Dwyer SJ, Jost RG (eds) Medical Imaging III: image formation. Proc Soc Photo-Opt Instrumen Eng 1090:164–175

  • Nakajima K, Hisada K, Matsudaira M (1990) Applications of a three-detector SPECT system in heart disease. Toshiba Med Rev 33:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • NEMA (1986) NU 1. Performance measurements of scintillation cameras. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Newiger H, Jordan K (1985) Optimization of collimators for imaging positron emitters by a gamma camera. Eur J Nucl Med 11:230–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps ME, Huang SC, Hoffman EJ, Plummer D, Carson R (1982) An analysis of signal amplification using small detectors in positron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:551–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Polak JF, Holman BL, Moretti JL, Eisner RL, Lister-James J, English RJ (1984) I-123 HIPDM brain imaging with a rotating gamma camera and slant-hole collimator. J Nucl Med 25:495–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Raeside DE (1976) Monte Carlo principles and applications. Phys Med Biol 21:181–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Riederer SJ, Pelc NJ, Chesler DA (1978) The noise power spectrum in computed X-ray tomography. Phys Med Biol 23:446–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao L, Hero AO, Rogers WL, Clinthorne NH (1989) The mutual information criterion for SPELT aperture evaluation and design. IEEE Trans Med Imag 8:322–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Swensson RG, Judy PF (1981) Detection of noisy visual targets: models for the effects of spatial uncertainty and signal-to-noise ratio. Perception Psychophysics 29:521–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui BMW (1978) Letter. Phys Med Biol 23:1203

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui BMW, Metz CE, Atkins FB, Starr SJ, Beck RN (1978) A comparison of optimum detector spatial resolution in nuclear imaging based on statistical theory and on observer performance. Phys Med Biol 23:654–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui BMW, Metz CE, Beck RN (1983) Optimum detector spatial resolution for discriminating between tumor uptake distributions in scintigraphy. Phys Med Biol 7:775–788

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui BMW, Gullberg GT, Edgerton ER, et al. (1986) Design and clinical utility of a fan beam collimator for SPELT imaging of the head. J Nucl Med 27:810–819

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner RF, Barrett HH (1987) Quadratic tasks and the ideal observer. Proc SPIE 767:306–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner RF, Brown DG (1985) Unified SNR analysis of medical imaging systems. Phys Med Biol 30:489–518

    Google Scholar 

  • White TA, Barrett HH, Cargill EB, Fiete RD, Ker M (1989) The use of the Hotelling trace to optimize collimator performance (abstract). J Nucl Med 30:892

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Offprint requests to: S.C. Moore

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moore, S.C., Kouris, K. & Cullum, I. Collimator design for single photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 19, 138–150 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184130

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184130

Key words

Navigation