Abstract
The reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) to triose phosphate is a key step in photosynthesis linking the photochemical events of the thylakoid membranes with the carbon metabolism of the photosynthetic carbon-reduction (PCR) cycle in the stroma. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NADP oxidoreductase (GAPDH) is one of the two chloroplast enzymes which catalyse this reversible conversion. We report on the engineering of an antisense RNA construct directed against the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) chloroplastlocated GAPDH (A subunit). The construct was integrated into the tobacco genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of leaf discs. Of the resulting transformants, five plants were recovered with reduced GAPDH activities ranging from 11 to 24% of wild-type (WT) activities. Segregation analysis of the kanamycin-resistance character in self-pollinated T1 seed from each of the five transformants revealed that one plant (GAP-R) had two active DNA inserts and the others had one insert. T1 progeny from GAP-R was used to generate plants with GAPDH activities ranging from WT levels to around 7% of WT levels. These were used to study the effect of variable GAPDH activities on metabolite pools for ribulose1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and PGA, and the accompanying effects on the rate of CO2 assimilation and other gasexchange parameters. The RuBP pool size was linearly related to GAPDH activity once GAPDH activity dropped below the range for WT plants, but the rate of CO2 assimilation was not affected until RuBP levels dropped to 30–40% of WT levels. That is, the CO2 assimilation rate fell when RuBP per ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) site fell below 2 mol·(mol site)−1 while the ratio for WT plants was 4–5 mol·m(mol site)−1. Leaf conductance was not reduced in leaves with reduced GAPDH activities, resulting in an increase in the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressure. Conductance in plants with reduced GAPDH activities was still sensitive to CO2 and showed a normal decline with increases in CO2 partial pressure. Although PGA levels did not fluctuate greatly, the effect of reduced GAPDH activity on RuBP-pool size and assimilation rate can be interpreted as being due to a blockage in the regeneration of RuBP. Concomitant gas-ex change and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements indicated that photosynthesis changed from being Rubisco-limited to being RuBP-regeneration-limited at a lower CO2 partial pressure in the antisense plants than in WT plants. Photosynthetic electron transport was down-regulated by the build-up of a large proton gradient and the electron-transport chain did not become over-reduced due to a shortage of NADP. Plants with severely reduced GAPDH activity were not photoinhibited despite the continuous presence of a large thylakoid proton gradient in the light. Along with plant size, Rubisco activity, leaf soluble protein and chlorophyll content were reduced in plants with the lowest GAPDH activities. We conclude that chloroplastic GAPDH activity does not appear to limit steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation at ambient CO2. This is because WT leaves maintain the ratio of RuBP per Rubisco site about twofold higher than the level required to achieve a maximal rate of CO2 assimilation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- bp:
-
base pairs
- DHAP:
-
dihydroxy-acetone phosphate
- GAPDH:
-
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy-drogenase
- PCR:
-
photosynthetic carbon reduction
- PGA:
-
3-phosphoglycerate
- pi :
-
intercellular CO2 partial pressure
- qNP :
-
non-photochemical fluorescence quenching
- qQ :
-
photochemicalfluorescence quenching
- ΦPSII:
-
quantum efficiency of electronflow through PSII
- Rubisco:
-
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxy-lase-oxygenase
- RuBP:
-
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
- WT:
-
wild type
References
Badger, M.R., Sharkey, T.D., Caemmerer, S. von (1984) The relationship between steady-state gas exchange of bean leaves and the levels of carbon-reduction-cycle intermediates. Planta 160, 305–313
Brinkmann, H., Cerff, R., Salomon, M., Soll, J. (1989) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding the cytosolic precursors of subunits GapA and GapB of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from pea and spinach. Plant Mol. Biol. 13, 81–94
Clasper, S., Easterby, J.S., Powls, R. (1991) Properties of two high-molecular-mass forms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from spinach leaf, one of which also possesses latent phosphoribulosekinase activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 1239–1246
Cox, K.H., Goldberg, R.B. (1988) Analysis of plant gene expression. In: Plant molecular biology: a practical approach, pp 1–35, Shaw CH (ed.) IRL Press, Oxford
Demmig-Adams, B., Winter, K., Krüger, A., Czygan, F.-C. (1989) Zeaxanthin and the induction and relaxation kinetics of the dissipation of excess excitation energy in leaves in 2% O2, 0% CO2. Plant Physiol. 90, 887–893
Dietz, K.-H., Heber, U. (1984) Rate-limiting factors in leaf photo-synthesis. I. Carbon fluxes in the Calvin cycle. Biochim. Biophys.Acta 767, 432–443
Dietz, K.-H., Heber, U. (1986) Light and CO2 limitation of photosynthesis and states of the reactions regenerating ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and reducing 3-phosphoglycerate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 848, 392–401
Farquhar, G.D. (1979) Models describing the kinetics of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 193, 456–468
Farquhar, G.D., Caemmerer, S. von, Berry, J.A. (1980) A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149, 78–90
Ferri, G., Stoppini, M., Meloni, M.L., Zapponi, M.C., Iadarola, P. (1990) Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP): amino acid sequence of the subunits from isoenzyme I and structural relationship with isoenzyme II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1042, 36–42
Genty, B., Briantais, J.M., Baker, N.R. (1989) The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 990, 87–92
Gontero, B., Cardenas, M.L., Ricard, J. (1988) A functional five-enzyme complex of chloroplast involved in the Calvin cycle. Eur. J. Biochem. 173, 437–443
Herrera-Estrella, L., Simpson, J. (1988) Foreign gene expression in plants. In: Plant molecular biology, a practical approach, pp 131–160, Shaw CH (ed). IRL Press, Oxford
Horton, P. (1983) Relations between electron transport and carbon assimilation: simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, transthylakoid pH gradient and O2 evolution in isolated chloroplasts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 217, 405–416
Horton, P., Hague, A. (1988) Studies on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in barley protoplasts. IV. Resolution of non-photochemical quenching. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 932, 107–115
Hudson, G.S., Evans, J.R., Caemmerer, S. von, Arvidsson, Y.B.C., Andrews, T.J. (1992) Reduction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenasme content by antisense RNA reduces photosynthesis in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Physiol. 98, 294–302
Inglesias, A.I., Losada, M. (1988) Purification and kinetic and structural properties of spinach leaf NADP-dependent nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260, 830–840
Jefferson, R.A., Kavanagh, T.A., Bevan, M.W. (1987) GUS fusions: β-glucuonidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 6, 3901–3907
Jensen, R.G., Bahr, J.T. (1977) Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28, 379–400
Krause, G.H., Weis, E. (1991) Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 313–49
Leegood, R.C., Furbank, R.T. (1984) Carbon metabolism and gas exchange in leaves of zea mays L. Changes in CO2 fixation, chlorophyll a fluorescence and metabolite levels during photosynthetic induction. Planta 162, 450–456
Loddenkötter, B., Kammerer, B., Fischer, K., Flügge, U.-I. (1993) Expression of the functional mature chloroplast triose phosphate translocator in yeast internal membranes and purification of the histidine-tagged protein by a single metal-affinity chromatography step. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 2155–2159
Mate, C.J., Hudson, G.S., Caemmerer, S. von, Evans, J.R., Andrews, T.J. (1993) Reduction of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activase levels in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by antisense RNA reduces ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase carbamylation and impairs photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 102, 1119–1128
Mead, D.A., Skorupa, E.S., Kemper, B. (1986) Single-stranded DNA “blue” T7 promoter plasmids: a versatile tandem promoter system for cloning and protein engineering. Protein Eng. 1, 67–74
Mott, K.A., Jensen, R.G., O'Leary, J.W., Berry, J.A. (1984) Photosynthesis and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate concentrations in intact leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. Plant Physiol. 76, 968–71
Nicholson, S., Easterby, J.S., Powls, R. (1987) Properties of a multimeric protein complex from chloroplasts possessing potential activities of NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. Eur. J. Biochem. 162, 423–431
Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kreidemann, P.E. (1989) Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by absorption spectroscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 975, 384–394
Price, G.D., Caemmerer, S. von, Evans, J.R., Yu, J-W., Lloyd, J., Oja, V., Kell, K., Harrison, K., Gallagher, A., Badger, M.R. (1994) Specific reduction of chloroplast carbonic anhydrase activity by antisense RNA in transgenic tobacco plants has a minor effect on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Planta 193, 331–340
Quick, W.P., Schurr, U., Scheibe, R., Schulze, E.D., Rodermel, S.R., Bogorad, L., Stitt, M. (1991) Decreased ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with “antisense” rbcS. Planta 183, 542–554
Reismeier, J.W., Flügge, U.-I., Schulz, B., Heineke, D., Heldt, H.-W., Willmitzer, L., Frommer, W.B. (1993) Antisense repression of the chloroplast triose phosphate translocator affects carbon partitioning in transgenic potato plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 6160–6164
Sainis, J.K., Merriam, K., Harris, G.C. (1989) The association of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase with phosphoribulokinase. Plant Physiol. 89, 368–374
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Scagliarini, S., Trost, P., Pupillo, P., Valenti, V. (1993) Light activation and molecular mass changes of NAD(P)-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of spinach and maize leaves. Planta 190, 313–319
Seemann, J.R., Sharkey, T.D., Wang, J-L, Osmond, C.B. (1987) Environmental effects on photosynthesis, nitrogen-use efficiency, and metabolite pools in leaves of sun and shade plants. Plant Physiol. 84, 796–802
Sharkey, T.D., Berry, J.A., Sage, R.F. (1988) Regulation of photosynthetic electron-transport in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as determined by room-temperature chlorophyll a fluorescence. Planta 176, 415–424
Shih, M.-E., Lazar, G., Goodman, H.M. (1986) Evidence in favour of the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts: primary structure and evolution of tobacco glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases. Cell 47, 73–80
Süss, K.-H., Arkona, C., Manteuffel, R., Adler, K. (1993) Calvin cycle multienzyme complexes are bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes of higher plants in situ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 2155–2159
Trost, P., Scagliarini, S., Valenti, V., Pupillo, P. (1993) Activation of spinach chloroplast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: effect of glycerate 1,3-bisphospate. Planta 190, 320–326
von Caemmerer, S., Edmondson, D.L. (1986) Relationship between steady-state gas exchange, in vivo ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity and some carbon reduction cycle intermediates in Raphanus sativus. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 669–688
von Caemmerer, S., Farquhar, G.D. (1981) Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves. Planta 153, 376–387
von Caemmerer, S., Evans, J.R., Hudson, G.S., Andrews, T.J. (1994) The kinetics of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in vivo inferred from measurements of photosynthesis in leaves of transgenic tobacco. Planta (in press)
Weis, E., Berry, J. (1987) Quantum efficiency of PSII in relation to energy dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 283, 259–267
Wong, S.C., Cowan, I.R., Farquhar, G.D. (1979) Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Nature 282, 424–426
Ziegler, H., Zeigler, I. (1965) The influence of light on the NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Planta 65, 369–380
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
We thank Karin Harrison, Prue Kell, Anne Gallagher and Barbara Setchell for excellent technical assistance. G.D.P. and S.V.C. acknowledge support from QE II Research Fellowships (Australian Research Council).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Price, G.D., Evans, J.R., von Caemmerer, S. et al. Specific reduction of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by antisense RNA reduces CO2 assimilation via a reduction in ribulose bisphosphate regeneration in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta 195, 369–378 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202594
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202594