Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (ZUM 15 and ZUM 18) directed against carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) were used to isolate specific AGP fractions. For both carrot and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed AGPs analyzed by crossedelectrophoresis, the ZUM 15 and ZUM 18 AGP fractions showed one identical peak. However, the Rf values for the two species were different: 0.82 for carrot seed AGPs and 0.52 for tomato seed AGPs. When the fractionated AGPs (carrot or tomato) were added to carrot cell lines they had a dramatic effect on the culture. One AGP fraction (ZUM 15 AGPs) was able to induce vacuolation of embryogenic cells. Those cells failed to produce embryos. The other AGP fraction (ZUM 18 AGPs) increased the percentage of embryognic cells from about 40% up to 80% within one week and this subsequently resulted in the formation of more embryos on hormone-free medium. This activity was higher than that of unfractionated carrot seed AGPs, while the optimum concentration was 50-fold lower. Since both ZUM 18 AGPs (carrot or tomato) yielded identical responses it can be concluded that neither the Rf value nor the source are essential for biological activity. The dose-response curve of ZUM 18 AGPs showed a sharp optimum. When the AGPs that also bound to the antibody ZUM 15 were removed, the dose-response curve of the remaining AGPs (containing only the ZUM 18 epitope, not the ZUM 15 epitope) resembled a saturation curve. Regardless of its concentration, the fraction in which AGP molecules contained both epitopes showed no appreciable embryogenesis-promoting activity. The biological activity of AGPs was therefore determined by the presence of embryogenesis-enhancing and-inhibiting epitopes. The inhibiting and enhancing epitopes can be located on separate molecules or one single AGP molecule.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AGP:
-
Arabinogalactan protein
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
References
Anderson, M.A., Sandrin, M.S., Clarke, A.E. (1984) A high proportion of hybridomas raised to a plant extract secrete antibody to arabinose or galactose. Plant Physiol. 75, 1013–1016
Backs-Hüsemann, D., Reinert, J. (1970) Embryobildung durch isolierte Einzelzellen aus Gewebekulturen von Daucus carota. Protoplasma 70, 49–60
Cassab, G.I. (1986) Arabinogalactan-proteins during the development of soybean root nodules. Planta 168, 441–446
Clarke, A.E., Gleeson, P.A., Jermyn, M.A., Knox, R.B. (1978) Characterization and localization of β-lectins in lower and higher plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5, 707–722
De Vries, S.C., Booij, H., Janssens, R., Vogels, R., Saris, L., LoSchiavo, F., Terzi, M., van Kammen, A. (1988a) Carrot somatic embryogenesis depends on the phytohormone-controlled presence of correctly glycosylated extracellular proteins. Genes Devel. 2, 462–476
De Vries, S.C., Booij, H., Meyerink, P., Huisman, G., Dayton Wilde, H., Thomas, T., van Kammen, A. (1988b) Acquisition of embryogenic potential in carrot cell-suspension cultures. Planta 176, 196–204
Gamborg, O.L., Miller, R.A., Ojima, K. (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50, 151–158
Halperin, W. (1966) Alternative morphogenetic events in cell suspensions. Am. J. Bot. 53, 443–453
Halperin, W., Jensen, W.A. (1967) Ultrastructural changes during growth and embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures. J. Ultrastr. Res. 18, 428–443
Jermyn, M.A., May Yeow, Y. (1975) A class of lectins present in the tissues of seed plants. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2, 501–31
Kieliszewski, M.J., Lamport, D.T.A. (1994) Extensins: repetitive motifs, functional sites, post-translational codes, and phylogeny. Plant J. 5, 157–172
Kikuchi, S., Ohinata, A., Tsumuraya, Y., Hashimoto, Y., Kaneko, Y., Matsushima, H. (1993) Production and characterization of antibodies to the β-(1–6)-galactotetraosyl group and their interaction with arabinogalactan-proteins. Planta 190, 525–535
Kjellbom, P., McCabe, P., Stohr, C., Penneil, R. (1994) Alternative patterns of plasma membrane AGP glycosylation during plant development. In: Abstr. 4th Int. Congr. Plant Mol. Biol. No. 601 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Knox, J.P. (1993) The role of cell surface glycoproteins in differentiation and morphogenesis. In: (Soc. Exp. Biol. Seminar Ser., 53) Posttranslational modifications in plants, 267–283, eds. Batey, N.H., Dickinson, H.G., Hetherington, A.M. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Knox, J.P., Day, S., Roberts, K. (1989) A set of surface glycoproteins forms an early marker of cell position, but not cell type, in the root apical meristem of Daucus carota L. Development 106, 47–56
Knox, J.P., Linstead, P.J., Peart, J., Cooper, C., Roberts, K. (1991) Developmentally regulated epitopes of cell surface arabinogalactan proteins and their relation to root tissue pattern formation. Plant J. 1, 317–326
Kreuger, M., Van Holst, G.-J. (1993) Arabinogalactan-proteins are essential in somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota L. Planta 189, 243–248
Li, Y., Bruun, L., Pierson, E.S., Cresti, M. (1992) Periodic deposition of arabinogalactan epitopes in the cell wall of pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L. Planta 188, 532–538
Mayer, U., Torres Ruiz, R. A., Berleth, T., Misera, S., Jurgens, G. (1991) Mutations affecting body organisation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Nature 353, 402–407
Miskiel, F.J., Pazur, J.H. (1991) The preparation and characterisation of antibodies with specificity for the carbohydrate units of gum Arabic and gum mesquite. Carbohydr. Polym. 16, 17–35
Pennell, R.I., Knox, J.P., Scofield, G.N., Selvendran, R.R., Roberts, K. (1989) A family of abundant plasma membrane-associated glycoproteins related to the arabinogalactan proteins is unique to flowering plants. J. Cell Biol. 108, 1967–1977
Pennell, R.I., Janniche, L., Kjellbom, P., Scofield, G.N., Peart, J.M., Roberts, K. (1991) Developmental regulation of a plasma membrane arabinogalactan protein epitope in oilseed rape flowers. Plant Cell 3, 1317–1326
Pennell, R.I., Janniche, L., Scofield, G.N., Booij, H., De Vries, S.C., Roberts, K. (1992) Identification of a transitional cell state in the developmental pathway to carrot somatic embryogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 119, 1371–1380
Stacey, N.J., Roberts, K., Knox, J.P. (1990) Patterns of expression of the JIM4 arabinogalactan-protein epitope in cell cultures and during somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota L. Planta 180, 285–292
Steves, T.A., Sussex, I.M. (1989) Patterns in plant development. edn. Cambridge University Press, UK
Sussex, I.M. (1989) Developmental programming of the shoot meristem. Cell 56, 225–229
Van Holst, G.-J., Clarke, A.E. (1985) Quantification of arabinogalactan-protein in plant extracts by single radial gel diffusion. Anal. Biochem. 148, 446–450
Van Hoist, G.-J., Clarke, A.E. (1986) Organ specific arabinogalactanproteins of Lycopersicon peruvianum (Mill) demonstrated by crossed electrophoresis. Plant Physiol. 80, 786–789
Van Hoist, G.-J., Klis, F.M., De Wildt, P.J.M., Hazenberg, C.A.M., Buijs, J., Stegwee, D. (1981) Arabinogalactan-protein from a crude cell organelle fraction of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Physiol. 68, 910–913
Williams, E.G., Maheswaran, G. (1986) Somatic embryogenesis: Factors influencing coordinated behaviour of cells as an embryogenic group. Ann. Bot. 57, 443–462
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The authors would like to thank Prof. A. van Kammen (Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands) for comments on the manuscript and helpful discussions and Dr. F.M. Klis (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for the protocol of the production of the Yariv reagent. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kreuger, M., van Holst, GJ. Arabinogalactan-protein epitopes in somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota L.. Planta 197, 135–141 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239949
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239949