Summary
The evolution of altruism does not necessarily require an extreme amount of kinship. This point is illustrated with an analysis of altruistic behavior in the Trematode parasite Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which apparently can evolve even when the parasites of the host are derived from as many as five different parents.
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Wilson, D.S. How nepotistic is the brain worm?. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2, 421–425 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299510
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299510